Release 2025.11.12

Created by: bashonly :ci skip all
[cleanup] Misc (#14965 )
2025-12-17 06:35:42 +07:00 · 2025-11-12 00:51:01 +00:00 · 2025-11-12 00:47:33 +00:00 · 2025-11-12 00:35:53 +00:00 · 2025-11-11 21:21:13 +00:00 · 2025-11-11 16:25:45 +00:00
127 changed files with 5477 additions and 2199 deletions
--- a/.github/FUNDING.yml
+++ b/.github/FUNDING.yml
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ liberapay: # Replace with a single Liberapay username
 issuehunt: # Replace with a single IssueHunt username
 otechie: # Replace with a single Otechie username

-custom: ['https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/Collaborators.md#collaborators']
+custom: ['https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/Maintainers.md#maintainers']
--- a/.github/actionlint.yml
+++ b/.github/actionlint.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-self-hosted-runner:
-  labels:
-    # Workaround for the outdated runner list in actionlint v1.7.7
-    # Ref: https://github.com/rhysd/actionlint/issues/533
-    - windows-11-arm
-
 config-variables:
  - KEEP_CACHE_WARM
  - PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -153,10 +153,12 @@ jobs:
                  'os': 'musllinux',
                  'arch': 'x86_64',
                  'runner': 'ubuntu-24.04',
+                  'python_version': '3.14',
              }, {
                  'os': 'musllinux',
                  'arch': 'aarch64',
                  'runner': 'ubuntu-24.04-arm',
+                  'python_version': '3.14',
              }],
          }
          INPUTS = json.loads(os.environ['INPUTS'])
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ jobs:
      UPDATE_TO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2025.09.05

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0  # Needed for changelog

@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Build Unix platform-independent binary
        run: |
-          make all tar
+          make all-extra tar

      - name: Verify --update-to
        if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ jobs:
      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD: ${{ (!matrix.onefile && '1') || '' }}

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Cache requirements
        if: matrix.cache_requirements
@@ -318,7 +320,7 @@ jobs:
      UPDATE_TO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2025.09.05

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      # NB: Building universal2 does not work with python from actions/setup-python

      - name: Cache requirements
@@ -341,14 +343,14 @@ jobs:
          brew uninstall --ignore-dependencies python3
          python3 -m venv ~/yt-dlp-build-venv
          source ~/yt-dlp-build-venv/bin/activate
-          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
-          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --print --include pyinstaller > requirements.txt
+          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --only-optional-groups --include-group build
+          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --print --include-group pyinstaller > requirements.txt
          # We need to ignore wheels otherwise we break universal2 builds
          python3 -m pip install -U --no-binary :all: -r requirements.txt
          # We need to fuse our own universal2 wheels for curl_cffi
          python3 -m pip install -U 'delocate==0.11.0'
          mkdir curl_cffi_whls curl_cffi_universal2
-          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --print -o --include curl-cffi > requirements.txt
+          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --print --only-optional-groups --include-group curl-cffi > requirements.txt
          for platform in "macosx_11_0_arm64" "macosx_11_0_x86_64"; do
            python3 -m pip download \
              --only-binary=:all: \
@@ -448,7 +450,7 @@ jobs:
      PYI_WHEEL: pyinstaller-${{ matrix.pyi_version }}-py3-none-${{ matrix.platform_tag }}.whl

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
        with:
          python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
@@ -482,11 +484,11 @@ jobs:
          mkdir /pyi-wheels
          python -m pip download -d /pyi-wheels --no-deps --require-hashes "pyinstaller@${Env:PYI_URL}#sha256=${Env:PYI_HASH}"
          python -m pip install --force-reinstall -U "/pyi-wheels/${Env:PYI_WHEEL}"
-          python devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
+          python devscripts/install_deps.py --only-optional-groups --include-group build
          if ("${Env:ARCH}" -eq "x86") {
            python devscripts/install_deps.py
          } else {
-            python devscripts/install_deps.py --include curl-cffi
+            python devscripts/install_deps.py --include-group curl-cffi
          }

      - name: Prepare
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Download artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          path: artifact
          pattern: build-bin-*
@@ -558,35 +560,39 @@ jobs:
          cat >> _update_spec << EOF
          # This file is used for regulating self-update
          lock 2022.08.18.36 .+ Python 3\.6
-          lock 2023.11.16 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
+          lock 2023.11.16 zip Python 3\.7
          lock 2023.11.16 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
          lock 2024.10.22 py2exe .+
          lock 2024.10.22 zip Python 3\.8
          lock 2024.10.22 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
          lock 2025.08.11 darwin_legacy_exe .+
          lock 2025.08.27 linux_armv7l_exe .+
+          lock 2025.10.14 zip Python 3\.9
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2022.08.18.36 .+ Python 3\.6
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2023.11.16 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2023.11.16 zip Python 3\.7
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2023.11.16 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 py2exe .+
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 zip Python 3\.8
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2025.08.11 darwin_legacy_exe .+
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2025.08.27 linux_armv7l_exe .+
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2023.11.15.232826 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2025.10.14 zip Python 3\.9
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2023.11.15.232826 zip Python 3\.7
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2023.11.15.232826 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 py2exe .+
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 zip Python 3\.8
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2025.08.12.233030 darwin_legacy_exe .+
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2025.08.30.232839 linux_armv7l_exe .+
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2023.11.15.232812 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2025.10.14.232845 zip Python 3\.9
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2023.11.15.232812 zip Python 3\.7
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2023.11.15.232812 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.045052 py2exe .+
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 zip Python 3\.8
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2025.08.12.232447 darwin_legacy_exe .+
          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2025.09.05.212910 linux_armv7l_exe .+
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2025.10.14.232330 zip Python 3\.9
          EOF

      - name: Sign checksum files
--- a/.github/workflows/challenge-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/challenge-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+name: Challenge Tests
+on:
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/challenge-tests.yml
+      - test/test_jsc/*.py
+      - yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/**.js
+      - yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/**.py
+      - yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/**.py
+      - yt_dlp/utils/_jsruntime.py
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/challenge-tests.yml
+      - test/test_jsc/*.py
+      - yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/**.js
+      - yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/**.py
+      - yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/**.py
+      - yt_dlp/utils/_jsruntime.py
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: challenge-tests-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+jobs:
+  tests:
+    name: Challenge Tests
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
+        python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14', pypy-3.11]
+    env:
+      QJS_VERSION: '2025-04-26'  # Earliest version with rope strings
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    - name: Install Deno
+      uses: denoland/setup-deno@v2
+      with:
+        deno-version: '2.0.0'  # minimum supported version
+    - name: Install Bun
+      uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@v2
+      with:
+        # minimum supported version is 1.0.31 but earliest available Windows version is 1.1.0
+        bun-version: ${{ (matrix.os == 'windows-latest' && '1.1.0') || '1.0.31' }}
+    - name: Install Node
+      uses: actions/setup-node@v6
+      with:
+        node-version: '20.0'  # minimum supported version
+    - name: Install QuickJS (Linux)
+      if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+      run: |
+          wget "https://bellard.org/quickjs/binary_releases/quickjs-linux-x86_64-${QJS_VERSION}.zip" -O quickjs.zip
+          unzip quickjs.zip qjs
+          sudo install qjs /usr/local/bin/qjs
+    - name: Install QuickJS (Windows)
+      if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+          Invoke-WebRequest "https://bellard.org/quickjs/binary_releases/quickjs-win-x86_64-${Env:QJS_VERSION}.zip" -OutFile quickjs.zip
+          unzip quickjs.zip
+    - name: Install test requirements
+      run: |
+        python ./devscripts/install_deps.py --print --only-optional-groups --include-group test > requirements.txt
+        python ./devscripts/install_deps.py --print -c certifi -c requests -c urllib3 -c yt-dlp-ejs >> requirements.txt
+        python -m pip install -U -r requirements.txt
+    - name: Run tests
+      timeout-minutes: 15
+      run: |
+        python -m yt_dlp -v --js-runtimes node --js-runtimes bun --js-runtimes quickjs || true
+        python ./devscripts/run_tests.py test/test_jsc -k download
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql.yml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5

    # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
    - name: Initialize CodeQL
--- a/.github/workflows/core.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/core.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ on:
      - test/**
      - yt_dlp/**.py
      - '!yt_dlp/extractor/**.py'
+      - yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/**.py
      - yt_dlp/extractor/__init__.py
      - yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
      - yt_dlp/extractor/extractors.py
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ on:
      - test/**
      - yt_dlp/**.py
      - '!yt_dlp/extractor/**.py'
+      - yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/**.py
      - yt_dlp/extractor/__init__.py
      - yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
      - yt_dlp/extractor/extractors.py
@@ -36,12 +38,10 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest]
-        # CPython 3.9 is in quick-test
-        python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14-dev', pypy-3.11]
+        # CPython 3.10 is in quick-test
+        python-version: ['3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14', pypy-3.11]
        include:
        # atleast one of each CPython/PyPy tests must be in windows
-        - os: windows-latest
-          python-version: '3.9'
        - os: windows-latest
          python-version: '3.10'
        - os: windows-latest
@@ -51,20 +51,41 @@ jobs:
        - os: windows-latest
          python-version: '3.13'
        - os: windows-latest
-          python-version: '3.14-dev'
+          python-version: '3.14'
        - os: windows-latest
          python-version: pypy-3.11
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0
    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
    - name: Install test requirements
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include test --include curl-cffi
+      run: python ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include-group test --include-group curl-cffi
    - name: Run tests
      timeout-minutes: 15
      continue-on-error: False
+      env:
+        source: ${{ (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.before) || 'origin/master' }}
+        target: ${{ (github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.after) || 'HEAD' }}
+      shell: bash
      run: |
+        flags=()
+        # Check if a networking file is involved
+        patterns="\
+        ^yt_dlp/networking/
+        ^yt_dlp/utils/networking\.py$
+        ^test/test_http_proxy\.py$
+        ^test/test_networking\.py$
+        ^test/test_networking_utils\.py$
+        ^test/test_socks\.py$
+        ^test/test_websockets\.py$
+        ^pyproject\.toml$
+        "
+        if git diff --name-only "${source}" "${target}" | grep -Ef <(printf '%s' "${patterns}"); then
+          flags+=(--flaky)
+        fi
        python3 -m yt_dlp -v || true  # Print debug head
-        python3 ./devscripts/run_tests.py --pytest-args '--reruns 2 --reruns-delay 3.0' core
+        python3 -m devscripts.run_tests "${flags[@]}" --pytest-args '--reruns 2 --reruns-delay 3.0' core
--- a/.github/workflows/download.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/download.yml
@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ jobs:
    if: "contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'ci run dl')"
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
    - name: Set up Python
      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      with:
-        python-version: 3.9
+        python-version: '3.10'
    - name: Install test requirements
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include dev
+      run: python ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include-group dev
    - name: Run tests
      continue-on-error: true
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/run_tests.py download
+      run: python ./devscripts/run_tests.py download

  full:
    name: Full Download Tests
@@ -28,21 +28,21 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: true
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest]
-        python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14-dev', pypy-3.11]
+        python-version: ['3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14', pypy-3.11]
        include:
        # atleast one of each CPython/PyPy tests must be in windows
        - os: windows-latest
-          python-version: '3.9'
+          python-version: '3.10'
        - os: windows-latest
          python-version: pypy-3.11
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
    - name: Install test requirements
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include dev
+      run: python ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include-group dev
    - name: Run tests
      continue-on-error: true
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/run_tests.py download
+      run: python ./devscripts/run_tests.py download
--- a/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ jobs:
    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'ci skip all')"
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - name: Set up Python 3.9
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - name: Set up Python 3.10
      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      with:
-        python-version: '3.9'
+        python-version: '3.10'
    - name: Install test requirements
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include test
+      run: python ./devscripts/install_deps.py --only-optional-groups --include-group test
    - name: Run tests
      timeout-minutes: 15
      run: |
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ jobs:
    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'ci skip all')"
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      with:
-        python-version: '3.9'
+        python-version: '3.10'
    - name: Install dev dependencies
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include static-analysis
+      run: python ./devscripts/install_deps.py --only-optional-groups --include-group static-analysis
    - name: Make lazy extractors
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
+      run: python ./devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
    - name: Run ruff
      run: ruff check --output-format github .
    - name: Run autopep8
--- a/.github/workflows/release-master.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-master.yml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
      id-token: write  # mandatory for trusted publishing
    steps:
      - name: Download artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          path: dist
          name: build-pypi
--- a/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
    outputs:
      commit: ${{ steps.check_for_new_commits.outputs.commit }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Check for new commits
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
      id-token: write  # mandatory for trusted publishing
    steps:
      - name: Download artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          path: dist
          name: build-pypi
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ jobs:
      head_sha: ${{ steps.get_target.outputs.head_sha }}

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ jobs:
      id-token: write  # mandatory for trusted publishing

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Install Requirements
        run: |
          sudo apt -y install pandoc man
-          python devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
+          python devscripts/install_deps.py --only-optional-groups --include-group build

      - name: Prepare
        env:
@@ -233,10 +233,10 @@ jobs:
      VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
      HEAD_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.head_sha }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          path: artifact
          pattern: build-*
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ jobs:
            "[![Discord](https://img.shields.io/discord/807245652072857610?color=blue&labelColor=555555&label=&logo=discord&style=for-the-badge)]" \
              "(https://discord.gg/H5MNcFW63r \"Discord\") " \
            "[![Donate](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Donate-red.svg?logo=githubsponsors&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)]" \
-              "(https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/blob/master/Collaborators.md#collaborators \"Donate\") " \
+              "(https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/blob/master/Maintainers.md#maintainers \"Donate\") " \
            "[![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Docs-brightgreen.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=GitBook&labelColor=555555)]" \
              "(https://github.com/${REPOSITORY}${DOCS_PATH}#readme \"Documentation\") " > ./RELEASE_NOTES
          if [[ "${TARGET_REPO}" == "${BASE_REPO}" ]]; then
@@ -269,9 +269,10 @@ jobs:
              "[![Master](https://img.shields.io/badge/Master%20builds-lightblue.svg?style=for-the-badge)]" \
                "(https://github.com/${MASTER_REPO}/releases/latest \"Master builds\")" >> ./RELEASE_NOTES
          fi
-          printf '\n\n%s\n\n%s%s\n\n---\n' \
+          printf '\n\n%s\n\n%s%s%s\n\n---\n' \
            "#### A description of the various files is in the [README](https://github.com/${REPOSITORY}#release-files)" \
-            "The PyInstaller-bundled executables are subject to the licenses described in " \
+            "The zipimport Unix executable contains code licensed under ISC and MIT. " \
+            "The PyInstaller-bundled executables are subject to these and other licenses, all of which are compiled in " \
            "[THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt](https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/blob/${HEAD_SHA}/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt)" >> ./RELEASE_NOTES
          python ./devscripts/make_changelog.py -vv --collapsible >> ./RELEASE_NOTES
          printf '%s\n\n' '**This is a pre-release build**' >> ./PRERELEASE_NOTES
--- a/.github/workflows/signature-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/signature-tests.yml
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-name: Signature Tests
-on:
-  push:
-    paths:
-      - .github/workflows/signature-tests.yml
-      - test/test_youtube_signature.py
-      - yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
-  pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - .github/workflows/signature-tests.yml
-      - test/test_youtube_signature.py
-      - yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-concurrency:
-  group: signature-tests-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
-
-jobs:
-  tests:
-    name: Signature Tests
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
-        python-version: ['3.9', '3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14-dev', pypy-3.11]
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
-      with:
-        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-    - name: Install test requirements
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --only-optional --include test
-    - name: Run tests
-      timeout-minutes: 15
-      run: |
-        python3 -m yt_dlp -v || true  # Print debug head
-        python3 ./devscripts/run_tests.py test/test_youtube_signature.py
--- a/.github/workflows/test-workflows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-workflows.yml
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ on:
 permissions:
  contents: read
 env:
-  ACTIONLINT_VERSION: "1.7.7"
-  ACTIONLINT_SHA256SUM: 023070a287cd8cccd71515fedc843f1985bf96c436b7effaecce67290e7e0757
+  ACTIONLINT_VERSION: "1.7.8"
+  ACTIONLINT_SHA256SUM: be92c2652ab7b6d08425428797ceabeb16e31a781c07bc388456b4e592f3e36a
  ACTIONLINT_REPO: https://github.com/rhysd/actionlint

 jobs:
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Check workflows
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
        with:
          python-version: "3.10"  # Keep this in sync with release.yml's prepare job
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
        env:
          ACTIONLINT_TARBALL: ${{ format('actionlint_{0}_linux_amd64.tar.gz', env.ACTIONLINT_VERSION) }}
        run: |
-          python -m devscripts.install_deps -o --include test
+          python -m devscripts.install_deps --only-optional-groups --include-group test
          sudo apt -y install shellcheck
          python -m pip install -U pyflakes
          curl -LO "${ACTIONLINT_REPO}/releases/download/v${ACTIONLINT_VERSION}/${ACTIONLINT_TARBALL}"
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ README.txt
 test/testdata/sigs/player-*.js
 test/testdata/thumbnails/empty.webp
 test/testdata/thumbnails/foo\ %d\ bar/foo_%d.*
+.ejs-*

 # Binary
 /youtube-dl
@@ -129,3 +130,6 @@ yt-dlp.zip
 # Plugins
 ytdlp_plugins/
 yt-dlp-plugins
+
+# Packages
+yt_dlp_ejs/
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ # DEVELOPER INSTRUCTIONS

 ```shell
 # To only install development dependencies:
-$ python -m devscripts.install_deps --include dev
+$ python -m devscripts.install_deps --include-group dev

 # Or, for an editable install plus dev dependencies:
 $ python -m pip install -e ".[default,dev]"
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ ## Adding support for a new site

    You can use `hatch fmt` to automatically fix problems. Rules that the linter/formatter enforces should not be disabled with `# noqa` unless a maintainer requests it. The only exception allowed is for old/printf-style string formatting in GraphQL query templates (use `# noqa: UP031`).

-1. Make sure your code works under all [Python](https://www.python.org/) versions supported by yt-dlp, namely CPython >=3.9 and PyPy >=3.11. Backward compatibility is not required for even older versions of Python.
+1. Make sure your code works under all [Python](https://www.python.org/) versions supported by yt-dlp, namely CPython >=3.10 and PyPy >=3.11. Backward compatibility is not required for even older versions of Python.
 1. When the tests pass, [add](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-add) the new files, [commit](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit) them and [push](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-push) the result, like this:

    ```shell
--- a/28
+++ b/28
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 pukkandan (owner)
-shirt-dev (collaborator)
-coletdjnz/colethedj (collaborator)
-Ashish0804 (collaborator)
-bashonly (collaborator)
-Grub4K (collaborator)
-seproDev (collaborator)
+shirt-dev (maintainer)
+coletdjnz (maintainer)
+Ashish0804 (maintainer)
+bashonly (maintainer)
+Grub4K (maintainer)
+seproDev (maintainer)
 h-h-h-h
 pauldubois98
 nixxo
@@ -818,3 +818,19 @@ robin-mu
 shssoichiro
 thanhtaivtt
 uoag
+CaramelConnoisseur
+ctengel
+einstein95
+evilpie
+i3p9
+JrM2628
+krystophny
+matyb08
+pha1n0q
+PierceLBrooks
+sepro
+TheQWERTYCodr
+thomasmllt
+w4grfw
+WeidiDeng
+Zer0spectrum
--- a/Changelog.md
+++ b/Changelog.md
@@ -4,6 +4,95 @@ # Changelog
 # To create a release, dispatch the https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/actions/workflows/release.yml workflow on master
 -->

+### 2025.11.12
+
+#### Important changes
+- **An external JavaScript runtime is now required for full YouTube support**
+yt-dlp now requires users to have an external JavaScript runtime (e.g. Deno) installed in order to solve the JavaScript challenges presented by YouTube. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/15012)
+
+#### Core changes
+- **cookies**
+    - [Allow `--cookies-from-browser` for Safari on iOS](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e6414d64e73d86d65bb357e5ad59d0ca080d5812) ([#14950](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14950)) by [pha1n0q](https://github.com/pha1n0q)
+    - [Support Firefox cookies database v17](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/bf7e04e9d8bd3c4a4614b67ce617b7ae5d17d62a) ([#15010](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/15010)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- **sponsorblock**: [Add `hook` category](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/52f3c56e83bbb25eec2496b0499768753732a093) ([#14845](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14845)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **update**: [Fix PyInstaller onedir variant detection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1c2ad94353d1c9e03615d20b6bbfc293286c7a32) ([#14800](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14800)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **1tv**: live: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/19c5d7c53013440ec4f3f56ebbb067531b272f3f) ([#14299](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14299)) by [swayll](https://github.com/swayll)
+- **ardaudiothek**: [Add extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0046fbcbfceee32fa2f68a8ea00cca02765470b6) ([#14309](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14309)) by [evilpie](https://github.com/evilpie), [marieell](https://github.com/marieell)
+- **bunnycdn**
+    - [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/228ae9f0f2b441fa1296db2ed2b7afbd4a9a62a1) ([#14954](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14954)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Support player subdomain URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3ef867451cd9604b4195dfee00db768619629b2d) ([#14979](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14979)) by [einstein95](https://github.com/einstein95)
+- **discoverynetworksde**: [Fix extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/10dea209d2460daf924c93835ddc2f0301cf2cd4) ([#14818](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14818)) by [dirkf](https://github.com/dirkf), [w4grfw](https://github.com/w4grfw) (With fixes in [f3c255b](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f3c255b63bd26069151fc3d3ba6dc626bb62ad6e) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly))
+- **floatplane**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1ac7e6005cd3be9fff0b28be189c3a68ecd4c593) ([#14984](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14984)) by [i3p9](https://github.com/i3p9)
+- **googledrive**
+    - [Fix subtitles extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6d05cee4df30774ddce5c5c751fd2118f40c24fe) ([#14809](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14809)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/70f1098312fe53bc85358f7bd624370878b2fa28) ([#14746](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14746)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **kika**: [Do not extract non-existent subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/79f9232ffbd57dde91c372b673b42801edaa9e53) ([#14813](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14813)) by [InvalidUsernameException](https://github.com/InvalidUsernameException)
+- **mux**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a0bda3b78609593ce1127215fc035c1a308a89b6) ([#14914](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14914)) by [PierceLBrooks](https://github.com/PierceLBrooks), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **nascarclassics**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e8a6b1ca92f2a0ce2c187668165be23dc5506aab) ([#14866](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14866)) by [JrM2628](https://github.com/JrM2628)
+- **nbc**: [Detect and discard DRM formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ee3a106f34124f0e2d28f062f5302863fd7639be) ([#14844](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14844)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **ntv.ru**: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5dde0d0c9fcef2ce57e486b2e563e0dff9b2845a) ([#14934](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14934)) by [anlar](https://github.com/anlar), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev) (With fixes in [a86eeaa](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a86eeaadf236ceaf6bb232eb410cf21572538aa6) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev))
+- **play.tv**: [Update extractor for new domain](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/73fd850d170e01c47c31aaa6aa8fe90856d9ad18) ([#14905](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14905)) by [thomasmllt](https://github.com/thomasmllt)
+- **tubetugraz**: [Support alternate URL format](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f3597cfafcab4d7d4c6d41bff3647681301f1e6b) ([#14718](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14718)) by [krystophny](https://github.com/krystophny)
+- **twitch**
+    - [Fix playlist extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cb78440e468608fd55546280b537387d375335f2) ([#15008](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/15008)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [ctengel](https://github.com/ctengel)
+    - stream: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7eff676183518175ce495ae63291c89f9b39f02a) ([#14988](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14988)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - vod: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b46c572b26be15683584102c5fb7e7bfde0c9821) ([#14999](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14999)) by [Zer0spectrum](https://github.com/Zer0spectrum)
+- **urplay**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/808b1fed76fbd07840cc23a346c11334e3d34f43) ([#14785](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14785)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **web.archive**: youtube: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d9e3011fd1c3a75871a50e78533afe78ad427ce3) ([#14753](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14753)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **xhamster**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a1d6351c3fc82c07fa0ee70811ed84807f6bbb58) ([#14948](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14948)) by [CaramelConnoisseur](https://github.com/CaramelConnoisseur), [dhwz](https://github.com/dhwz)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add `tv_downgraded` client](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/61cf34f5447177a73ba25ea9a47d7df516ca3b3b) ([#14887](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14887)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev) (With fixes in [fa35eb2](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fa35eb27eaf27df7b5854f527a89fc828c9e0ec0))
+    - [Fix `web_embedded` client extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d6ee67725397807bbb5edcd0b2c94f5bca62d3f4) ([#14843](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14843)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Fix auto-generated metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a56217f9f6c594f6c419ce8dce9134198a9d90d0) ([#13896](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13896)) by [TheQWERTYCodr](https://github.com/TheQWERTYCodr)
+    - [Fix original language detection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/afc44022d0b736b2b3e87b52490bd35c53c53632) ([#14919](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14919)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Implement external n/sig solver](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6224a3898821965a7d6a2cb9cc2de40a0fd6e6bc) ([#14157](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14157)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev) (With fixes in [4b4223b](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4b4223b436fb03a12628679daed32ae4fc15ae4b), [ee98be4](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ee98be4ad767b77e4d8dd9bfd3c7d10f2e8397ff), [c0c9f30](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c0c9f30695db314df084e8701a7c376eb54f283c), [cacd163](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cacd1630a1a59e92f857d0d175c8730cffbf9801), [8636a9b](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8636a9bac3bed99984c1e297453660468ecf504b))
+    - [Support collaborators](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f87cfadb5c3cba8e9dc4231c9554548e9edb3882) ([#14677](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14677)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - tab: [Fix duration extraction for feeds](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1d2f0edaf978a5541cfb8f7e83fec433c65c1011) ([#14668](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14668)) by [WeidiDeng](https://github.com/WeidiDeng)
+
+#### Downloader changes
+- **ffmpeg**
+    - [Apply `ffmpeg_args` for each format](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ffb7b7f446b6c67a28c66598ae91f4f2263e0d75) ([#14886](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14886)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Limit read rate for DASH livestreams](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7af6d81f35aea8832023daa30ada10e6673a0529) ([#14918](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14918)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Networking changes
+- [Ensure underlying file object is closed when fully read](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5767fb4ab108dddb07fc839a3b0f4d323a7c4bea) ([#14935](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14935)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- [Fix zsh path argument completion](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c96e9291ab7bd6e7da66d33424982c8b0b4431c7) ([#14953](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14953)) by [matyb08](https://github.com/matyb08)
+- **build**: [Bump musllinux Python version to 3.14](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/646904cd3a79429ec5fdc43f904b3f57ae213f34) ([#14623](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14623)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**
+    - Miscellaneous
+        - [c63b4e2](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c63b4e2a2b81cc78397c8709ef53ffd29bada213) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [matyb08](https://github.com/matyb08), [sepro](https://github.com/sepro)
+        - [335653b](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/335653be82d5ef999cfc2879d005397402eebec1) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **devscripts**: [Improve `install_deps` script](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/73922e66e437fb4bb618bdc119a96375081bf508) ([#14766](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14766)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **test**: [Skip flaky tests if source unchanged](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ade8c2b36ff300edef87d48fd1ba835ac35c5b63) ([#14970](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14970)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+
+### 2025.10.22
+
+#### Important changes
+- **A stopgap release with a *TEMPORARY partial* fix for YouTube support**
+Some formats may still be unavailable, especially if cookies are passed to yt-dlp. The ***NEXT*** release, expected very soon, **will require an external JS runtime (e.g. Deno)** in order for YouTube downloads to work properly. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14404)
+- **The minimum *required* Python version has been raised to 3.10**
+Python 3.9 has reached its end-of-life as of October 2025, and yt-dlp has now removed support for it. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13858)
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Remove Python 3.9 support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4e6a693057cfaf1ce1f07b019ed3bfce2bf936f6) ([#13861](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13861)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **appleconnect**: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/78748b506f0dca8236ac0045ed7f72f7cf334b62) ([#13229](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13229)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **idagio**: [Support URLs with country codes](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c9356f308dd3c5f9f494cb40ed14c5df017b4fe0) ([#14655](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14655)) by [robin-mu](https://github.com/robin-mu)
+- **tvnoe**: [Rework Extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fe5ae54a7b08ebe679f03afdeafbe1cee5784d5b) ([#13369](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13369)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **youtube**: [Use temporary player client workaround](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2c9091e355a7ba5d1edb69796ecdca48199b77fb) ([#14693](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14693)) by [gamer191](https://github.com/gamer191)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **cleanup**
+    - Miscellaneous
+        - [c7bda21](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c7bda2192aa24afce40fdbbbe056d269aa3b2872) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+        - [de7b3c0](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/de7b3c0705022cb777c5b4b7f0c69c59ad6ff538) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **docs**: [Update list of maintainers](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/dfc0a84c192a7357dd1768cc345d590253a14fe5) ([#14148](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14148)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
 ### 2025.10.14

 #### Core changes
--- a/Collaborators.md
+++ b/Collaborators.md
@@ -1,59 +1,36 @@
-# Collaborators
+# Maintainers

-This is a list of the collaborators of the project and their major contributions. See the [Changelog](Changelog.md) for more details.
+This file lists the maintainers of yt-dlp and their major contributions. See the [Changelog](Changelog.md) for more details.

 You can also find lists of all [contributors of yt-dlp](CONTRIBUTORS) and [authors of youtube-dl](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/AUTHORS)

+## Core Maintainers

-## [pukkandan](https://github.com/pukkandan)
+Core Maintainers are responsible for reviewing and merging contributions, publishing releases, and steering the overall direction of the project.

-[![ko-fi](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Ko--fi-red.svg?logo=kofi&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://ko-fi.com/pukkandan)
-[![gh-sponsor](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Github-white.svg?logo=github&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://github.com/sponsors/pukkandan)
+**You can contact the core maintainers via `maintainers@yt-dlp.org`.**

-* Owner of the fork
+This is **NOT** a support channel. [Open an issue](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/new/choose) if you need help or want to report a bug.

-
-
-## [shirt](https://github.com/shirt-dev)
-
-[![ko-fi](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Ko--fi-red.svg?logo=kofi&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://ko-fi.com/shirt)
-
-* Multithreading (`-N`) and aria2c support for fragment downloads
-* Support for media initialization and discontinuity in HLS
-* The self-updater (`-U`)
-
-
-
-## [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+### [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)

 [![gh-sponsor](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Github-white.svg?logo=github&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://github.com/sponsors/coletdjnz)

-* Improved plugin architecture
-* Rewrote the networking infrastructure, implemented support for `requests`
-* YouTube improvements including: age-gate bypass, private playlists, multiple-clients (to avoid throttling) and a lot of under-the-hood improvements
-* Added support for new websites YoutubeWebArchive, MainStreaming, PRX, nzherald, Mediaklikk, StarTV etc
-* Improved/fixed support for Patreon, panopto, gfycat, itv, pbs, SouthParkDE etc
+* Overhauled the networking stack and implemented support for `requests` and `curl_cffi` (`--impersonate`) HTTP clients
+* Reworked the plugin architecture to support installing plugins across all yt-dlp distributions (exe, pip, etc.)
+* Maintains support for YouTube
+* Added and fixed support for various other sites
+
+### [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+* Rewrote and maintains the build/release workflows and the self-updater: executables, automated/nightly/master releases, `--update-to`
+* Overhauled external downloader cookie handling
+* Added `--cookies-from-browser` support for Firefox containers
+* Overhauled and maintains support for sites like Youtube, Vimeo, Twitter, TikTok, etc
+* Added support for sites like Dacast, Kick, Loom, SproutVideo, Triller, Weverse, etc


-
-## [Ashish0804](https://github.com/Ashish0804) <sub><sup>[Inactive]</sup></sub>
-
-[![ko-fi](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Ko--fi-red.svg?logo=kofi&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://ko-fi.com/ashish0804)
-
-* Added support for new websites BiliIntl, DiscoveryPlusIndia, OlympicsReplay, PlanetMarathi, ShemarooMe, Utreon, Zee5 etc
-* Added playlist/series downloads for Hotstar, ParamountPlus, Rumble, SonyLIV, Trovo, TubiTv, Voot etc
-* Improved/fixed support for HiDive, HotStar, Hungama, LBRY, LinkedInLearning, Mxplayer, SonyLiv, TV2, Vimeo, VLive etc
-
-
-## [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
-
-* `--update-to`, self-updater rewrite, automated/nightly/master releases
-* `--cookies-from-browser` support for Firefox containers, external downloader cookie handling overhaul
-* Added support for new websites like Dacast, Kick, NBCStations, Triller, VideoKen, Weverse, WrestleUniverse etc
-* Improved/fixed support for Anvato, Brightcove, Reddit, SlidesLive, TikTok, Twitter, Vimeo etc
-
-
-## [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+### [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)

 [![gh-sponsor](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Github-white.svg?logo=github&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://github.com/sponsors/Grub4K) [![ko-fi](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Ko--fi-red.svg?logo=kofi&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://ko-fi.com/Grub4K)

@@ -63,8 +40,48 @@ ## [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
 * Improved/fixed/added Bundestag, crunchyroll, pr0gramm, Twitter, WrestleUniverse etc


-## [sepro](https://github.com/seproDev)
+### [sepro](https://github.com/seproDev)

 * UX improvements: Warn when ffmpeg is missing, warn when double-clicking exe
 * Code cleanup: Remove dead extractors, mark extractors as broken, enable/apply ruff rules
 * Improved/fixed/added ArdMediathek, DRTV, Floatplane, MagentaMusik, Naver, Nebula, OnDemandKorea, Vbox7 etc
+
+
+## Inactive Core Maintainers
+
+### [pukkandan](https://github.com/pukkandan)
+
+[![ko-fi](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Ko--fi-red.svg?logo=kofi&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://ko-fi.com/pukkandan)
+[![gh-sponsor](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Github-white.svg?logo=github&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://github.com/sponsors/pukkandan)
+
+* Founder of the fork
+* Lead Maintainer from 2021-2024
+
+
+### [shirt](https://github.com/shirt-dev)
+
+[![ko-fi](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Ko--fi-red.svg?logo=kofi&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://ko-fi.com/shirt)
+
+* Multithreading (`-N`) and aria2c support for fragment downloads
+* Support for media initialization and discontinuity in HLS
+* The self-updater (`-U`)
+
+
+### [Ashish0804](https://github.com/Ashish0804)
+
+[![ko-fi](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Ko--fi-red.svg?logo=kofi&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://ko-fi.com/ashish0804)
+
+* Added support for new websites BiliIntl, DiscoveryPlusIndia, OlympicsReplay, PlanetMarathi, ShemarooMe, Utreon, Zee5 etc
+* Added playlist/series downloads for Hotstar, ParamountPlus, Rumble, SonyLIV, Trovo, TubiTv, Voot etc
+* Improved/fixed support for HiDive, HotStar, Hungama, LBRY, LinkedInLearning, Mxplayer, SonyLiv, TV2, Vimeo, VLive etc
+
+## Triage Maintainers
+
+Triage Maintainers are frequent contributors who can manage issues and pull requests.
+
+- [gamer191](https://github.com/gamer191)
+- [garret1317](https://github.com/garret1317)
+- [pzhlkj6612](https://github.com/pzhlkj6612)
+- [DTrombett](https://github.com/dtrombett)
+- [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- [grqz](https://github.com/grqz)
--- a/105
+++ b/105
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 all: lazy-extractors yt-dlp doc pypi-files
+all-extra: lazy-extractors yt-dlp-extra doc pypi-files
 clean: clean-test clean-dist
 clean-all: clean clean-cache
 completions: completion-bash completion-fish completion-zsh
@@ -15,7 +16,11 @@ pypi-files: AUTHORS Changelog.md LICENSE README.md README.txt supportedsites \
 .PHONY: all clean clean-all clean-test clean-dist clean-cache \
        completions completion-bash completion-fish completion-zsh \
        doc issuetemplates supportedsites ot offlinetest codetest test \
-        tar pypi-files lazy-extractors install uninstall
+        tar pypi-files lazy-extractors install uninstall \
+        all-extra yt-dlp-extra current-ejs-version
+
+.IGNORE: current-ejs-version
+.SILENT: current-ejs-version

 clean-test:
 	rm -rf tmp/ *.annotations.xml *.aria2 *.description *.dump *.frag \
@@ -25,7 +30,8 @@ clean-test:
 	test/testdata/sigs/player-*.js test/testdata/thumbnails/empty.webp "test/testdata/thumbnails/foo %d bar/foo_%d."*
 clean-dist:
 	rm -rf yt-dlp.1.temp.md yt-dlp.1 README.txt MANIFEST build/ dist/ .coverage cover/ yt-dlp.tar.gz completions/ \
-	yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py *.spec CONTRIBUTING.md.tmp yt-dlp yt-dlp.exe yt_dlp.egg-info/ AUTHORS
+	yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py *.spec CONTRIBUTING.md.tmp yt-dlp yt-dlp.exe yt_dlp.egg-info/ AUTHORS \
+	yt-dlp.zip .ejs-* yt_dlp_ejs/
 clean-cache:
 	find . \( \
 		-type d -name ".*_cache" -o -type d -name __pycache__ -o -name "*.pyc" -o -name "*.class" \
@@ -81,28 +87,49 @@ test:
 offlinetest: codetest
 	$(PYTHON) -m pytest -Werror -m "not download"

-CODE_FOLDERS_CMD = find yt_dlp -type f -name '__init__.py' | sed 's,/__init__.py,,' | grep -v '/__' | sort
-CODE_FOLDERS != $(CODE_FOLDERS_CMD)
-CODE_FOLDERS ?= $(shell $(CODE_FOLDERS_CMD))
-CODE_FILES_CMD = for f in $(CODE_FOLDERS) ; do echo "$$f" | sed 's,$$,/*.py,' ; done
-CODE_FILES != $(CODE_FILES_CMD)
-CODE_FILES ?= $(shell $(CODE_FILES_CMD))
-yt-dlp: $(CODE_FILES)
+PY_CODE_FOLDERS_CMD = find yt_dlp -type f -name '__init__.py' | sed 's|/__init__\.py||' | grep -v '/__' | sort
+PY_CODE_FOLDERS != $(PY_CODE_FOLDERS_CMD)
+PY_CODE_FOLDERS ?= $(shell $(PY_CODE_FOLDERS_CMD))
+
+PY_CODE_FILES_CMD = for f in $(PY_CODE_FOLDERS) ; do echo "$$f" | sed 's|$$|/*.py|' ; done
+PY_CODE_FILES != $(PY_CODE_FILES_CMD)
+PY_CODE_FILES ?= $(shell $(PY_CODE_FILES_CMD))
+
+JS_CODE_FOLDERS_CMD = find yt_dlp -type f -name '*.js' | sed 's|/[^/]\{1,\}\.js$$||' | uniq
+JS_CODE_FOLDERS != $(JS_CODE_FOLDERS_CMD)
+JS_CODE_FOLDERS ?= $(shell $(JS_CODE_FOLDERS_CMD))
+
+JS_CODE_FILES_CMD = for f in $(JS_CODE_FOLDERS) ; do echo "$$f" | sed 's|$$|/*.js|' ; done
+JS_CODE_FILES != $(JS_CODE_FILES_CMD)
+JS_CODE_FILES ?= $(shell $(JS_CODE_FILES_CMD))
+
+yt-dlp.zip: $(PY_CODE_FILES) $(JS_CODE_FILES)
 	mkdir -p zip
-	for d in $(CODE_FOLDERS) ; do \
+	for d in $(PY_CODE_FOLDERS) ; do \
 	  mkdir -p zip/$$d ;\
 	  cp -pPR $$d/*.py zip/$$d/ ;\
 	done
-	(cd zip && touch -t 200001010101 $(CODE_FILES))
-	mv zip/yt_dlp/__main__.py zip/
-	(cd zip && zip -q ../yt-dlp $(CODE_FILES) __main__.py)
+	for d in $(JS_CODE_FOLDERS) ; do \
+	  mkdir -p zip/$$d ;\
+	  cp -pPR $$d/*.js zip/$$d/ ;\
+	done
+	(cd zip && touch -t 200001010101 $(PY_CODE_FILES) $(JS_CODE_FILES))
+	rm -f zip/yt_dlp/__main__.py
+	(cd zip && zip -q ../yt-dlp.zip $(PY_CODE_FILES) $(JS_CODE_FILES))
 	rm -rf zip
+
+yt-dlp: yt-dlp.zip
+	mkdir -p zip
+	cp -pP yt_dlp/__main__.py zip/
+	touch -t 200001010101 zip/__main__.py
+	(cd zip && zip -q ../yt-dlp.zip __main__.py)
 	echo '#!$(PYTHON)' > yt-dlp
 	cat yt-dlp.zip >> yt-dlp
 	rm yt-dlp.zip
 	chmod a+x yt-dlp
+	rm -rf zip

-README.md: $(CODE_FILES) devscripts/make_readme.py
+README.md: $(PY_CODE_FILES) devscripts/make_readme.py
 	COLUMNS=80 $(PYTHON) yt_dlp/__main__.py --ignore-config --help | $(PYTHON) devscripts/make_readme.py

 CONTRIBUTING.md: README.md devscripts/make_contributing.py
@@ -127,15 +154,15 @@ yt-dlp.1: README.md devscripts/prepare_manpage.py
 	pandoc -s -f $(MARKDOWN) -t man yt-dlp.1.temp.md -o yt-dlp.1
 	rm -f yt-dlp.1.temp.md

-completions/bash/yt-dlp: $(CODE_FILES) devscripts/bash-completion.in
+completions/bash/yt-dlp: $(PY_CODE_FILES) devscripts/bash-completion.in
 	mkdir -p completions/bash
 	$(PYTHON) devscripts/bash-completion.py

-completions/zsh/_yt-dlp: $(CODE_FILES) devscripts/zsh-completion.in
+completions/zsh/_yt-dlp: $(PY_CODE_FILES) devscripts/zsh-completion.in
 	mkdir -p completions/zsh
 	$(PYTHON) devscripts/zsh-completion.py

-completions/fish/yt-dlp.fish: $(CODE_FILES) devscripts/fish-completion.in
+completions/fish/yt-dlp.fish: $(PY_CODE_FILES) devscripts/fish-completion.in
 	mkdir -p completions/fish
 	$(PYTHON) devscripts/fish-completion.py

@@ -157,7 +184,7 @@ yt-dlp.tar.gz: all
 		--exclude '.git' \
 		-- \
 		README.md supportedsites.md Changelog.md LICENSE \
-		CONTRIBUTING.md Collaborators.md CONTRIBUTORS AUTHORS \
+		CONTRIBUTING.md Maintainers.md CONTRIBUTORS AUTHORS \
 		Makefile yt-dlp.1 README.txt completions .gitignore \
 		yt-dlp yt_dlp pyproject.toml devscripts test

@@ -172,3 +199,45 @@ CONTRIBUTORS: Changelog.md
 	  echo 'Updating $@ from git commit history' ; \
 	  $(PYTHON) devscripts/make_changelog.py -v -c > /dev/null ; \
 	fi
+
+# The following EJS_-prefixed variables are auto-generated by devscripts/update_ejs.py
+# DO NOT EDIT!
+EJS_VERSION = 0.3.1
+EJS_WHEEL_NAME = yt_dlp_ejs-0.3.1-py3-none-any.whl
+EJS_WHEEL_HASH = sha256:a6e3548874db7c774388931752bb46c7f4642c044b2a189e56968f3d5ecab622
+EJS_PY_FOLDERS = yt_dlp_ejs yt_dlp_ejs/yt yt_dlp_ejs/yt/solver
+EJS_PY_FILES = yt_dlp_ejs/__init__.py yt_dlp_ejs/_version.py yt_dlp_ejs/yt/__init__.py yt_dlp_ejs/yt/solver/__init__.py
+EJS_JS_FOLDERS = yt_dlp_ejs/yt/solver
+EJS_JS_FILES = yt_dlp_ejs/yt/solver/core.min.js yt_dlp_ejs/yt/solver/lib.min.js
+
+yt-dlp-extra: current-ejs-version .ejs-$(EJS_VERSION) $(EJS_PY_FILES) $(EJS_JS_FILES) yt-dlp.zip
+	mkdir -p zip
+	for d in $(EJS_PY_FOLDERS) ; do \
+	  mkdir -p zip/$$d ;\
+	  cp -pPR $$d/*.py zip/$$d/ ;\
+	done
+	for d in $(EJS_JS_FOLDERS) ; do \
+	  mkdir -p zip/$$d ;\
+	  cp -pPR $$d/*.js zip/$$d/ ;\
+	done
+	(cd zip && touch -t 200001010101 $(EJS_PY_FILES) $(EJS_JS_FILES))
+	(cd zip && zip -q ../yt-dlp.zip $(EJS_PY_FILES) $(EJS_JS_FILES))
+	cp -pP yt_dlp/__main__.py zip/
+	touch -t 200001010101 zip/__main__.py
+	(cd zip && zip -q ../yt-dlp.zip __main__.py)
+	echo '#!$(PYTHON)' > yt-dlp
+	cat yt-dlp.zip >> yt-dlp
+	rm yt-dlp.zip
+	chmod a+x yt-dlp
+	rm -rf zip
+
+.ejs-$(EJS_VERSION):
+	@echo Downloading yt-dlp-ejs
+	@echo "yt-dlp-ejs==$(EJS_VERSION) --hash $(EJS_WHEEL_HASH)" > .ejs-requirements.txt
+	$(PYTHON) -m pip download -d ./build --no-deps --require-hashes -r .ejs-requirements.txt
+	unzip -o build/$(EJS_WHEEL_NAME) "yt_dlp_ejs/*"
+	@touch .ejs-$(EJS_VERSION)
+
+current-ejs-version:
+	rm -rf .ejs-*
+	touch .ejs-$$($(PYTHON) -c 'import sys; sys.path = [""]; from yt_dlp_ejs import version; print(version)' 2>/dev/null)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@

 [![Release version](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/yt-dlp/yt-dlp?color=brightgreen&label=Download&style=for-the-badge)](#installation "Installation")
 [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/badge/-PyPI-blue.svg?logo=pypi&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](https://pypi.org/project/yt-dlp "PyPI")
-[![Donate](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Donate-red.svg?logo=githubsponsors&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](Collaborators.md#collaborators "Donate")
+[![Donate](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Donate-red.svg?logo=githubsponsors&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)](Maintainers.md#maintainers "Donate")
 [![Discord](https://img.shields.io/discord/807245652072857610?color=blue&labelColor=555555&label=&logo=discord&style=for-the-badge)](https://discord.gg/H5MNcFW63r "Discord")
 [![Supported Sites](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Supported_Sites-brightgreen.svg?style=for-the-badge)](supportedsites.md "Supported Sites")
 [![License: Unlicense](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Unlicense-blue.svg?style=for-the-badge)](LICENSE "License")
@@ -145,9 +145,11 @@ #### Licensing

 Most notably, the PyInstaller-bundled executables include GPLv3+ licensed code, and as such the combined work is licensed under [GPLv3+](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html).

-See [THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt](THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt) for details.
+The zipimport Unix executable (`yt-dlp`) contains [ISC](https://github.com/meriyah/meriyah/blob/main/LICENSE.md) licensed code from [`meriyah`](https://github.com/meriyah/meriyah) and [MIT](https://github.com/davidbonnet/astring/blob/main/LICENSE) licensed code from [`astring`](https://github.com/davidbonnet/astring).

-The zipimport binary (`yt-dlp`), the source tarball (`yt-dlp.tar.gz`), and the PyPI source distribution & wheel only contain code licensed under the [Unlicense](LICENSE).
+See [THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt](THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt) for more details.
+
+The git repository, the source tarball (`yt-dlp.tar.gz`), the PyPI source distribution and the PyPI built distribution (wheel) only contain code licensed under the [Unlicense](LICENSE).

 <!-- MANPAGE: END EXCLUDED SECTION -->

@@ -187,21 +189,21 @@ # To update to nightly from stable executable/binary:
 yt-dlp --update-to nightly

 # To install nightly with pip:
-python3 -m pip install -U --pre "yt-dlp[default]"
+python -m pip install -U --pre "yt-dlp[default]"
 ```

 When running a yt-dlp version that is older than 90 days, you will see a warning message suggesting to update to the latest version.
 You can suppress this warning by adding `--no-update` to your command or configuration file.

 ## DEPENDENCIES
-Python versions 3.9+ (CPython) and 3.11+ (PyPy) are supported. Other versions and implementations may or may not work correctly.
+Python versions 3.10+ (CPython) and 3.11+ (PyPy) are supported. Other versions and implementations may or may not work correctly.

 <!-- Python 3.5+ uses VC++14 and it is already embedded in the binary created
 <!x-- https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=26999 --x>
 On Windows, [Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 SP1 Redistributable Package (x86)](https://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/5/165255E7-1014-4D0A-B094-B6A430A6BFFC/vcredist_x86.exe) is also necessary to run yt-dlp. You probably already have this, but if the executable throws an error due to missing `MSVCR100.dll` you need to install it manually.
 -->

-While all the other dependencies are optional, `ffmpeg` and `ffprobe` are highly recommended
+While all the other dependencies are optional, `ffmpeg`, `ffprobe`, `yt-dlp-ejs` and a JavaScript runtime are highly recommended

 ### Strongly recommended

@@ -211,6 +213,10 @@ ### Strongly recommended

    **Important**: What you need is ffmpeg *binary*, **NOT** [the Python package of the same name](https://pypi.org/project/ffmpeg)

+* [**yt-dlp-ejs**](https://github.com/yt-dlp/ejs) - Required for deciphering YouTube n/sig values. Licensed under [Unlicense](https://github.com/yt-dlp/ejs/blob/main/LICENSE), bundles [MIT](https://github.com/davidbonnet/astring/blob/main/LICENSE) and [ISC](https://github.com/meriyah/meriyah/blob/main/LICENSE.md) components.
+
+    A JavaScript runtime like [**deno**](https://deno.land) (recommended), [**node.js**](https://nodejs.org), [**bun**](https://bun.sh), or [**QuickJS**](https://bellard.org/quickjs/) is also required to run yt-dlp-ejs. See [the wiki](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/EJS).
+
 ### Networking
 * [**certifi**](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi)\* - Provides Mozilla's root certificate bundle. Licensed under [MPLv2](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/blob/master/LICENSE)
 * [**brotli**](https://github.com/google/brotli)\* or [**brotlicffi**](https://github.com/python-hyper/brotlicffi) - [Brotli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotli) content encoding support. Both licensed under MIT <sup>[1](https://github.com/google/brotli/blob/master/LICENSE) [2](https://github.com/python-hyper/brotlicffi/blob/master/LICENSE) </sup>
@@ -235,7 +241,7 @@ ### Metadata
 ### Misc

 * [**pycryptodomex**](https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome)\* - For decrypting AES-128 HLS streams and various other data. Licensed under [BSD-2-Clause](https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome/blob/master/LICENSE.rst)
-* [**phantomjs**](https://github.com/ariya/phantomjs) - Used in extractors where javascript needs to be run. Licensed under [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/ariya/phantomjs/blob/master/LICENSE.BSD)
+* [**phantomjs**](https://github.com/ariya/phantomjs) - Used in some extractors where JavaScript needs to be run. No longer used for YouTube. To be deprecated in the near future. Licensed under [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/ariya/phantomjs/blob/master/LICENSE.BSD)
 * [**secretstorage**](https://github.com/mitya57/secretstorage)\* - For `--cookies-from-browser` to access the **Gnome** keyring while decrypting cookies of **Chromium**-based browsers on **Linux**. Licensed under [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/mitya57/secretstorage/blob/master/LICENSE)
 * Any external downloader that you want to use with `--downloader`

@@ -259,12 +265,12 @@ ### Standalone PyInstaller Builds
 You can run the following commands:

 ```
-python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --include pyinstaller
-python3 devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
-python3 -m bundle.pyinstaller
+python devscripts/install_deps.py --include-group pyinstaller
+python devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
+python -m bundle.pyinstaller
 ```

-On some systems, you may need to use `py` or `python` instead of `python3`.
+On some systems, you may need to use `py` or `python3` instead of `python`.

 `python -m bundle.pyinstaller` accepts any arguments that can be passed to `pyinstaller`, such as `--onefile/-F` or `--onedir/-D`, which is further [documented here](https://pyinstaller.org/en/stable/usage.html#what-to-generate).

@@ -273,7 +279,7 @@ ### Standalone PyInstaller Builds
 **Important**: Running `pyinstaller` directly **instead of** using `python -m bundle.pyinstaller` is **not** officially supported. This may or may not work correctly.

 ### Platform-independent Binary (UNIX)
-You will need the build tools `python` (3.9+), `zip`, `make` (GNU), `pandoc`\* and `pytest`\*.
+You will need the build tools `python` (3.10+), `zip`, `make` (GNU), `pandoc`\* and `pytest`\*.

 After installing these, simply run `make`.

@@ -354,7 +360,7 @@ ## General Options:
                                    containing directory ("-" for stdin). Can be
                                    used multiple times and inside other
                                    configuration files
-    --plugin-dirs PATH              Path to an additional directory to search
+    --plugin-dirs DIR               Path to an additional directory to search
                                    for plugins. This option can be used
                                    multiple times to add multiple directories.
                                    Use "default" to search the default plugin
@@ -362,6 +368,37 @@ ## General Options:
    --no-plugin-dirs                Clear plugin directories to search,
                                    including defaults and those provided by
                                    previous --plugin-dirs
+    --js-runtimes RUNTIME[:PATH]    Additional JavaScript runtime to enable,
+                                    with an optional location for the runtime
+                                    (either the path to the binary or its
+                                    containing directory). This option can be
+                                    used multiple times to enable multiple
+                                    runtimes. Supported runtimes are (in order
+                                    of priority, from highest to lowest): deno,
+                                    node, quickjs, bun. Only "deno" is enabled
+                                    by default. The highest priority runtime
+                                    that is both enabled and available will be
+                                    used. In order to use a lower priority
+                                    runtime when "deno" is available, --no-js-
+                                    runtimes needs to be passed before enabling
+                                    other runtimes
+    --no-js-runtimes                Clear JavaScript runtimes to enable,
+                                    including defaults and those provided by
+                                    previous --js-runtimes
+    --remote-components COMPONENT   Remote components to allow yt-dlp to fetch
+                                    when required. This option is currently not
+                                    needed if you are using an official
+                                    executable or have the requisite version of
+                                    the yt-dlp-ejs package installed. You can
+                                    use this option multiple times to allow
+                                    multiple components. Supported values:
+                                    ejs:npm (external JavaScript components from
+                                    npm), ejs:github (external JavaScript
+                                    components from yt-dlp-ejs GitHub). By
+                                    default, no remote components are allowed
+    --no-remote-components          Disallow fetching of all remote components,
+                                    including any previously allowed by
+                                    --remote-components or defaults.
    --flat-playlist                 Do not extract a playlist's URL result
                                    entries; some entry metadata may be missing
                                    and downloading may be bypassed
@@ -1079,11 +1116,12 @@ ## SponsorBlock Options:
                                    for, separated by commas. Available
                                    categories are sponsor, intro, outro,
                                    selfpromo, preview, filler, interaction,
-                                    music_offtopic, poi_highlight, chapter, all
-                                    and default (=all). You can prefix the
-                                    category with a "-" to exclude it. See [1]
-                                    for descriptions of the categories. E.g.
-                                    --sponsorblock-mark all,-preview
+                                    music_offtopic, hook, poi_highlight,
+                                    chapter, all and default (=all). You can
+                                    prefix the category with a "-" to exclude
+                                    it. See [1] for descriptions of the
+                                    categories. E.g. --sponsorblock-mark
+                                    all,-preview
                                    [1] https://wiki.sponsor.ajay.app/w/Segment_Categories
    --sponsorblock-remove CATS      SponsorBlock categories to be removed from
                                    the video file, separated by commas. If a
@@ -1148,7 +1186,7 @@ # CONFIGURATION
 You can configure yt-dlp by placing any supported command line option in a configuration file. The configuration is loaded from the following locations:

 1. **Main Configuration**:
-    * The file given to `--config-location`
+    * The file given to `--config-locations`
 1. **Portable Configuration**: (Recommended for portable installations)
    * If using a binary, `yt-dlp.conf` in the same directory as the binary
    * If running from source-code, `yt-dlp.conf` in the parent directory of `yt_dlp`
@@ -1230,7 +1268,7 @@ ### Authentication with netrc

 ### Notes about environment variables
 * Environment variables are normally specified as `${VARIABLE}`/`$VARIABLE` on UNIX and `%VARIABLE%` on Windows; but is always shown as `${VARIABLE}` in this documentation
-* yt-dlp also allows using UNIX-style variables on Windows for path-like options; e.g. `--output`, `--config-location`
+* yt-dlp also allows using UNIX-style variables on Windows for path-like options; e.g. `--output`, `--config-locations`
 * If unset, `${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}` defaults to `~/.config` and `${XDG_CACHE_HOME}` to `~/.cache`
 * On Windows, `~` points to `${HOME}` if present; or, `${USERPROFILE}` or `${HOMEDRIVE}${HOMEPATH}` otherwise
 * On Windows, `${USERPROFILE}` generally points to `C:\Users\<user name>` and `${APPDATA}` to `${USERPROFILE}\AppData\Roaming`
@@ -1814,12 +1852,12 @@ # EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS
 #### youtube
 * `lang`: Prefer translated metadata (`title`, `description` etc) of this language code (case-sensitive). By default, the video primary language metadata is preferred, with a fallback to `en` translated. See [youtube/_base.py](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/415b4c9f955b1a0391204bd24a7132590e7b3bdb/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_base.py#L402-L409) for the list of supported content language codes
 * `skip`: One or more of `hls`, `dash` or `translated_subs` to skip extraction of the m3u8 manifests, dash manifests and [auto-translated subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4090#issuecomment-1158102032) respectively
-* `player_client`: Clients to extract video data from. The currently available clients are `web`, `web_safari`, `web_embedded`, `web_music`, `web_creator`, `mweb`, `ios`, `android`, `android_vr`, `tv`, `tv_simply` and `tv_embedded`. By default, `tv,web_safari,web` is used, and `tv,web_creator,web` is used with premium accounts. The `web_music` client is added for `music.youtube.com` URLs when logged-in cookies are used. The `web_embedded` client is added for age-restricted videos but only works if the video is embeddable. The `tv_embedded` and `web_creator` clients are added for age-restricted videos if account age-verification is required. Some clients, such as `web` and `web_music`, require a `po_token` for their formats to be downloadable. Some clients, such as `web_creator`, will only work with authentication. Not all clients support authentication via cookies. You can use `default` for the default clients, or you can use `all` for all clients (not recommended). You can prefix a client with `-` to exclude it, e.g. `youtube:player_client=default,-ios`
+* `player_client`: Clients to extract video data from. The currently available clients are `web`, `web_safari`, `web_embedded`, `web_music`, `web_creator`, `mweb`, `ios`, `android`, `android_sdkless`, `android_vr`, `tv`, `tv_simply`, `tv_downgraded`, and `tv_embedded`. By default, `tv,android_sdkless,web` is used. If no JavaScript runtime is available, then `android_sdkless,web_safari,web` is used. If logged-in cookies are passed to yt-dlp, then `tv_downgraded,web_safari,web` is used for free accounts and `tv_downgraded,web_creator,web` is used for premium accounts. The `web_music` client is added for `music.youtube.com` URLs when logged-in cookies are used. The `web_embedded` client is added for age-restricted videos but only works if the video is embeddable. The `tv_embedded` and `web_creator` clients are added for age-restricted videos if account age-verification is required. Some clients, such as `web` and `web_music`, require a `po_token` for their formats to be downloadable. Some clients, such as `web_creator`, will only work with authentication. Not all clients support authentication via cookies. You can use `default` for the default clients, or you can use `all` for all clients (not recommended). You can prefix a client with `-` to exclude it, e.g. `youtube:player_client=default,-ios`
 * `player_skip`: Skip some network requests that are generally needed for robust extraction. One or more of `configs` (skip client configs), `webpage` (skip initial webpage), `js` (skip js player), `initial_data` (skip initial data/next ep request). While these options can help reduce the number of requests needed or avoid some rate-limiting, they could cause issues such as missing formats or metadata.  See [#860](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/860) and [#12826](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12826) for more details
 * `webpage_skip`: Skip extraction of embedded webpage data. One or both of `player_response`, `initial_data`. These options are for testing purposes and don't skip any network requests
 * `player_params`: YouTube player parameters to use for player requests. Will overwrite any default ones set by yt-dlp.
 * `player_js_variant`: The player javascript variant to use for n/sig deciphering. The known variants are: `main`, `tcc`, `tce`, `es5`, `es6`, `tv`, `tv_es6`, `phone`, `tablet`. The default is `main`, and the others are for debugging purposes. You can use `actual` to go with what is prescribed by the site
-* `player_js_version`: The player javascript version to use for n/sig deciphering, in the format of `signature_timestamp@hash`. Currently, the default is to force `20348@0004de42`. You can use `actual` to go with what is prescribed by the site
+* `player_js_version`: The player javascript version to use for n/sig deciphering, in the format of `signature_timestamp@hash` (e.g. `20348@0004de42`). The default is to use what is prescribed by the site, and can be selected with `actual`
 * `comment_sort`: `top` or `new` (default) - choose comment sorting mode (on YouTube's side)
 * `max_comments`: Limit the amount of comments to gather. Comma-separated list of integers representing `max-comments,max-parents,max-replies,max-replies-per-thread`. Default is `all,all,all,all`
    * E.g. `all,all,1000,10` will get a maximum of 1000 replies total, with up to 10 replies per thread. `1000,all,100` will get a maximum of 1000 comments, with a maximum of 100 replies total
@@ -1833,6 +1871,10 @@ #### youtube
 * `pot_trace`: Enable debug logging for PO Token fetching. Either `true` or `false` (default)
 * `fetch_pot`: Policy to use for fetching a PO Token from providers. One of `always` (always try fetch a PO Token regardless if the client requires one for the given context), `never` (never fetch a PO Token), or `auto` (default; only fetch a PO Token if the client requires one for the given context)
 * `playback_wait`: Duration (in seconds) to wait inbetween the extraction and download stages in order to ensure the formats are available. The default is `6` seconds
+* `jsc_trace`: Enable debug logging for JS Challenge fetching. Either `true` or `false` (default)
+
+#### youtube-ejs
+* `jitless`: Run suported Javascript engines in JIT-less mode. Supported runtimes are `deno`, `node` and `bun`. Provides better security at the cost of performance/speed. Do note that `node` and `bun` are still considered unsecure. Either `true` or `false` (default)

 #### youtubepot-webpo
 * `bind_to_visitor_id`: Whether to use the Visitor ID instead of Visitor Data for caching WebPO tokens. Either `true` (default) or `false`
@@ -2255,7 +2297,7 @@ ### Differences in default behavior

 Some of yt-dlp's default options are different from that of youtube-dl and youtube-dlc:

-* yt-dlp supports only [Python 3.9+](## "Windows 8"), and will remove support for more versions as they [become EOL](https://devguide.python.org/versions/#python-release-cycle); while [youtube-dl still supports Python 2.6+ and 3.2+](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30568#issue-1118238743)
+* yt-dlp supports only [Python 3.10+](## "Windows 8"), and will remove support for more versions as they [become EOL](https://devguide.python.org/versions/#python-release-cycle); while [youtube-dl still supports Python 2.6+ and 3.2+](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30568#issue-1118238743)
 * The options `--auto-number` (`-A`), `--title` (`-t`) and `--literal` (`-l`), no longer work. See [removed options](#Removed) for details
 * `avconv` is not supported as an alternative to `ffmpeg`
 * yt-dlp stores config files in slightly different locations to youtube-dl. See [CONFIGURATION](#configuration) for a list of correct locations
--- a/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt
+++ b/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt
@@ -4431,3 +4431,43 @@ SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
 CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Meriyah | ISC
+URL: https://github.com/meriyah/meriyah
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ISC License
+
+Copyright (c) 2019 and later, KFlash and others.
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Astring | MIT
+URL: https://github.com/davidbonnet/astring/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright (c) 2015, David Bonnet <david@bonnet.cc>
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
--- a/bundle/docker/linux/build.sh
+++ b/bundle/docker/linux/build.sh
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ function venvpy {
 }

 INCLUDES=(
-    --include pyinstaller
-    --include secretstorage
+    --include-group pyinstaller
+    --include-group secretstorage
 )

 if [[ -z "${EXCLUDE_CURL_CFFI:-}" ]]; then
-    INCLUDES+=(--include curl-cffi)
+    INCLUDES+=(--include-group curl-cffi)
 fi

 runpy -m venv /yt-dlp-build-venv
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ runpy -m venv /yt-dlp-build-venv
 source /yt-dlp-build-venv/bin/activate
 # Inside the venv we use venvpy instead of runpy
 venvpy -m ensurepip --upgrade --default-pip
-venvpy -m devscripts.install_deps -o --include build
+venvpy -m devscripts.install_deps --only-optional-groups --include-group build
 venvpy -m devscripts.install_deps "${INCLUDES[@]}"
 venvpy -m devscripts.make_lazy_extractors
 venvpy devscripts/update-version.py -c "${CHANNEL}" -r "${ORIGIN}" "${VERSION}"
--- a/devscripts/changelog_override.json
+++ b/devscripts/changelog_override.json
@@ -298,5 +298,26 @@
        "action": "add",
        "when": "08d78996831bd8e1e3c2592d740c3def00bbf548",
        "short": "[priority] **Several options have been deprecated**\nIn order to simplify the codebase and reduce maintenance burden, various options have been deprecated. Please remove them from your commands/configurations. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14198)"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "4e6a693057cfaf1ce1f07b019ed3bfce2bf936f6",
+        "short": "[priority] **The minimum *required* Python version has been raised to 3.10**\nPython 3.9 has reached its end-of-life as of October 2025, and yt-dlp has now removed support for it. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13858)"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "2c9091e355a7ba5d1edb69796ecdca48199b77fb",
+        "short": "[priority] **A stopgap release with a *TEMPORARY partial* fix for YouTube support**\nSome formats may still be unavailable, especially if cookies are passed to yt-dlp. The ***NEXT*** release, expected very soon, **will require an external JS runtime (e.g. Deno)** in order for YouTube downloads to work properly. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14404)"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "change",
+        "when": "8636a9bac3bed99984c1e297453660468ecf504b",
+        "short": "Fix 6224a3898821965a7d6a2cb9cc2de40a0fd6e6bc",
+        "authors": ["Grub4K"]
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "6224a3898821965a7d6a2cb9cc2de40a0fd6e6bc",
+        "short": "[priority] **An external JavaScript runtime is now required for full YouTube support**\nyt-dlp now requires users to have an external JavaScript runtime (e.g. Deno) installed in order to solve the JavaScript challenges presented by YouTube. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/15012)"
    }
 ]
--- a/devscripts/generate_third_party_licenses.py
+++ b/devscripts/generate_third_party_licenses.py
@@ -271,6 +271,19 @@ class Dependency:
        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-websockets/websockets/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
        project_url='https://websockets.readthedocs.io/',
    ),
+    # Dependencies of yt-dlp-ejs
+    Dependency(
+        name='Meriyah',
+        license='ISC',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/meriyah/meriyah/refs/heads/main/LICENSE.md',
+        project_url='https://github.com/meriyah/meriyah',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='Astring',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/davidbonnet/astring/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://github.com/davidbonnet/astring/',
+    ),
 ]


--- a/devscripts/install_deps.py
+++ b/devscripts/install_deps.py
@@ -22,14 +22,19 @@ def parse_args():
        'input', nargs='?', metavar='TOMLFILE', default=Path(__file__).parent.parent / 'pyproject.toml',
        help='input file (default: %(default)s)')
    parser.add_argument(
-        '-e', '--exclude', metavar='DEPENDENCY', action='append',
-        help='exclude a dependency')
+        '-e', '--exclude-dependency', metavar='DEPENDENCY', action='append',
+        help='exclude a dependency (can be used multiple times)')
    parser.add_argument(
-        '-i', '--include', metavar='GROUP', action='append',
-        help='include an optional dependency group')
+        '-i', '--include-group', metavar='GROUP', action='append',
+        help='include an optional dependency group (can be used multiple times)')
    parser.add_argument(
-        '-o', '--only-optional', action='store_true',
-        help='only install optional dependencies')
+        '-c', '--cherry-pick', metavar='DEPENDENCY', action='append',
+        help=(
+            'only include a specific dependency from the resulting dependency list '
+            '(can be used multiple times)'))
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-o', '--only-optional-groups', action='store_true',
+        help='omit default dependencies unless the "default" group is specified with --include-group')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-p', '--print', action='store_true',
        help='only print requirements to stdout')
@@ -39,30 +44,41 @@ def parse_args():
    return parser.parse_args()


+def uniq(arg) -> dict[str, None]:
+    return dict.fromkeys(map(str.lower, arg or ()))
+
+
 def main():
    args = parse_args()
    project_table = parse_toml(read_file(args.input))['project']
    recursive_pattern = re.compile(rf'{project_table["name"]}\[(?P<group_name>[\w-]+)\]')
    optional_groups = project_table['optional-dependencies']
-    excludes = args.exclude or []
+
+    excludes = uniq(args.exclude_dependency)
+    only_includes = uniq(args.cherry_pick)
+    include_groups = uniq(args.include_group)

    def yield_deps(group):
        for dep in group:
            if mobj := recursive_pattern.fullmatch(dep):
-                yield from optional_groups.get(mobj.group('group_name'), [])
+                yield from optional_groups.get(mobj.group('group_name'), ())
            else:
                yield dep

-    targets = []
-    if not args.only_optional:  # `-o` should exclude 'dependencies' and the 'default' group
-        targets.extend(project_table['dependencies'])
-        if 'default' not in excludes:  # `--exclude default` should exclude entire 'default' group
-            targets.extend(yield_deps(optional_groups['default']))
+    targets = {}
+    if not args.only_optional_groups:
+        # legacy: 'dependencies' is empty now
+        targets.update(dict.fromkeys(project_table['dependencies']))
+        targets.update(dict.fromkeys(yield_deps(optional_groups['default'])))

-    for include in filter(None, map(optional_groups.get, args.include or [])):
-        targets.extend(yield_deps(include))
+    for include in filter(None, map(optional_groups.get, include_groups)):
+        targets.update(dict.fromkeys(yield_deps(include)))

-    targets = [t for t in targets if re.match(r'[\w-]+', t).group(0).lower() not in excludes]
+    def target_filter(target):
+        name = re.match(r'[\w-]+', target).group(0).lower()
+        return name not in excludes and (not only_includes or name in only_includes)
+
+    targets = list(filter(target_filter, targets))

    if args.print:
        for target in targets:
--- a/devscripts/make_changelog.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_changelog.py
@@ -353,6 +353,13 @@ def apply_overrides(self, overrides):
                    continue
                commit = Commit(override_hash, override['short'], override.get('authors') or [])
                logger.info(f'CHANGE {self._commits[commit.hash]} -> {commit}')
+                if match := self.FIXES_RE.search(commit.short):
+                    fix_commitish = match.group(1)
+                    if fix_commitish in self._commits:
+                        del self._commits[commit.hash]
+                        self._fixes[fix_commitish].append(commit)
+                        logger.info(f'Found fix for {fix_commitish[:HASH_LENGTH]}: {commit.hash[:HASH_LENGTH]}')
+                        continue
                self._commits[commit.hash] = commit

        self._commits = dict(reversed(self._commits.items()))
@@ -373,7 +380,7 @@ def groups(self):
            issues = [issue.strip()[1:] for issue in issues.split(',')] if issues else []

            if prefix:
-                groups, details, sub_details = zip(*map(self.details_from_prefix, prefix.split(',')))
+                groups, details, sub_details = zip(*map(self.details_from_prefix, prefix.split(',')), strict=True)
                group = next(iter(filter(None, groups)), None)
                details = ', '.join(unique(details))
                sub_details = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(sub_details))
--- a/devscripts/run_tests.py
+++ b/devscripts/run_tests.py
@@ -17,6 +17,18 @@ def parse_args():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Run selected yt-dlp tests')
    parser.add_argument(
        'test', help='an extractor test, test path, or one of "core" or "download"', nargs='*')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--flaky',
+        action='store_true',
+        default=None,
+        help='Allow running flaky tests. (default: run, unless in CI)',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--no-flaky',
+        action='store_false',
+        dest='flaky',
+        help=argparse.SUPPRESS,
+    )
    parser.add_argument(
        '-k', help='run a test matching EXPRESSION. Same as "pytest -k"', metavar='EXPRESSION')
    parser.add_argument(
@@ -24,10 +36,11 @@ def parse_args():
    return parser.parse_args()


-def run_tests(*tests, pattern=None, ci=False):
+def run_tests(*tests, pattern=None, ci=False, flaky: bool | None = None):
    # XXX: hatch uses `tests` if no arguments are passed
    run_core = 'core' in tests or 'tests' in tests or (not pattern and not tests)
    run_download = 'download' in tests
+    run_flaky = flaky or (flaky is None and not ci)

    pytest_args = args.pytest_args or os.getenv('HATCH_TEST_ARGS', '')
    arguments = ['pytest', '-Werror', '--tb=short', *shlex.split(pytest_args)]
@@ -44,6 +57,8 @@ def run_tests(*tests, pattern=None, ci=False):
            test if '/' in test
            else f'test/test_download.py::TestDownload::test_{fix_test_name(test)}'
            for test in tests)
+    if not run_flaky:
+        arguments.append('--disallow-flaky')

    print(f'Running {arguments}', flush=True)
    try:
@@ -72,6 +87,11 @@ def run_tests(*tests, pattern=None, ci=False):
        args = parse_args()

        os.chdir(Path(__file__).parent.parent)
-        sys.exit(run_tests(*args.test, pattern=args.k, ci=bool(os.getenv('CI'))))
+        sys.exit(run_tests(
+            *args.test,
+            pattern=args.k,
+            ci=bool(os.getenv('CI')),
+            flaky=args.flaky,
+        ))
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        pass
--- a/devscripts/update_ejs.py
+++ b/devscripts/update_ejs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import io
+import json
+import hashlib
+import pathlib
+import urllib.request
+import zipfile
+
+
+TEMPLATE = '''\
+# This file is generated by devscripts/update_ejs.py. DO NOT MODIFY!
+
+VERSION = {version!r}
+HASHES = {{
+{hash_mapping}
+}}
+'''
+PREFIX = '    "yt-dlp-ejs=='
+BASE_PATH = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent
+PYPROJECT_PATH = BASE_PATH / 'pyproject.toml'
+PACKAGE_PATH = BASE_PATH / 'yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/vendor'
+RELEASE_URL = 'https://api.github.com/repos/yt-dlp/ejs/releases/latest'
+ASSETS = {
+    'yt.solver.lib.js': False,
+    'yt.solver.lib.min.js': False,
+    'yt.solver.deno.lib.js': True,
+    'yt.solver.bun.lib.js': True,
+    'yt.solver.core.min.js': False,
+    'yt.solver.core.js': True,
+}
+MAKEFILE_PATH = BASE_PATH / 'Makefile'
+
+
+def request(url: str):
+    return contextlib.closing(urllib.request.urlopen(url))
+
+
+def makefile_variables(
+        version: str | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        digest: str | None = None,
+        data: bytes | None = None,
+        keys_only: bool = False,
+) -> dict[str, str | None]:
+    assert keys_only or all(arg is not None for arg in (version, name, digest, data))
+
+    return {
+        'EJS_VERSION': None if keys_only else version,
+        'EJS_WHEEL_NAME': None if keys_only else name,
+        'EJS_WHEEL_HASH': None if keys_only else digest,
+        'EJS_PY_FOLDERS': None if keys_only else list_wheel_contents(data, 'py', files=False),
+        'EJS_PY_FILES': None if keys_only else list_wheel_contents(data, 'py', folders=False),
+        'EJS_JS_FOLDERS': None if keys_only else list_wheel_contents(data, 'js', files=False),
+        'EJS_JS_FILES': None if keys_only else list_wheel_contents(data, 'js', folders=False),
+    }
+
+
+def list_wheel_contents(
+        wheel_data: bytes,
+        suffix: str | None = None,
+        folders: bool = True,
+        files: bool = True,
+) -> str:
+    assert folders or files, 'at least one of "folders" or "files" must be True'
+
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(io.BytesIO(wheel_data)) as zipf:
+        path_gen = (zinfo.filename for zinfo in zipf.infolist())
+
+    filtered = filter(lambda path: path.startswith('yt_dlp_ejs/'), path_gen)
+    if suffix:
+        filtered = filter(lambda path: path.endswith(f'.{suffix}'), filtered)
+
+    files_list = list(filtered)
+    if not folders:
+        return ' '.join(files_list)
+
+    folders_list = list(dict.fromkeys(path.rpartition('/')[0] for path in files_list))
+    if not files:
+        return ' '.join(folders_list)
+
+    return ' '.join(folders_list + files_list)
+
+
+def main():
+    current_version = None
+    with PYPROJECT_PATH.open() as file:
+        for line in file:
+            if not line.startswith(PREFIX):
+                continue
+            current_version, _, _ = line.removeprefix(PREFIX).partition('"')
+
+    if not current_version:
+        print('yt-dlp-ejs dependency line could not be found')
+        return
+
+    makefile_info = makefile_variables(keys_only=True)
+    prefixes = tuple(f'{key} = ' for key in makefile_info)
+    with MAKEFILE_PATH.open() as file:
+        for line in file:
+            if not line.startswith(prefixes):
+                continue
+            key, _, val = line.partition(' = ')
+            makefile_info[key] = val.rstrip()
+
+    with request(RELEASE_URL) as resp:
+        info = json.load(resp)
+
+    version = info['tag_name']
+    if version == current_version:
+        print(f'yt-dlp-ejs is up to date! ({version})')
+        return
+
+    print(f'Updating yt-dlp-ejs from {current_version} to {version}')
+    hashes = []
+    wheel_info = {}
+    for asset in info['assets']:
+        name = asset['name']
+        is_wheel = name.startswith('yt_dlp_ejs-') and name.endswith('.whl')
+        if not is_wheel and name not in ASSETS:
+            continue
+        with request(asset['browser_download_url']) as resp:
+            data = resp.read()
+
+        # verify digest from github
+        digest = asset['digest']
+        algo, _, expected = digest.partition(':')
+        hexdigest = hashlib.new(algo, data).hexdigest()
+        assert hexdigest == expected, f'downloaded attest mismatch ({hexdigest!r} != {expected!r})'
+
+        if is_wheel:
+            wheel_info = makefile_variables(version, name, digest, data)
+            continue
+
+        # calculate sha3-512 digest
+        asset_hash = hashlib.sha3_512(data).hexdigest()
+        hashes.append(f'    {name!r}: {asset_hash!r},')
+
+        if ASSETS[name]:
+            (PACKAGE_PATH / name).write_bytes(data)
+
+    hash_mapping = '\n'.join(hashes)
+    for asset_name in ASSETS:
+        assert asset_name in hash_mapping, f'{asset_name} not found in release'
+
+    assert all(wheel_info.get(key) for key in makefile_info), 'wheel info not found in release'
+
+    (PACKAGE_PATH / '_info.py').write_text(TEMPLATE.format(
+        version=version,
+        hash_mapping=hash_mapping,
+    ))
+
+    content = PYPROJECT_PATH.read_text()
+    updated = content.replace(PREFIX + current_version, PREFIX + version)
+    PYPROJECT_PATH.write_text(updated)
+
+    makefile = MAKEFILE_PATH.read_text()
+    for key in wheel_info:
+        makefile = makefile.replace(f'{key} = {makefile_info[key]}', f'{key} = {wheel_info[key]}')
+    MAKEFILE_PATH.write_text(makefile)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
--- a/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):
            for opt in group.option_list]
    opts_file = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == 'FILE']
    opts_dir = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == 'DIR']
+    opts_path = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == 'PATH']

    fileopts = []
    for opt in opts_file:
@@ -26,6 +27,12 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):
        if opt._long_opts:
            fileopts.extend(opt._long_opts)

+    for opt in opts_path:
+        if opt._short_opts:
+            fileopts.extend(opt._short_opts)
+        if opt._long_opts:
+            fileopts.extend(opt._long_opts)
+
    diropts = []
    for opt in opts_dir:
        if opt._short_opts:
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"

 [project]
 name = "yt-dlp"
-maintainers = [
+authors = [
    {name = "pukkandan", email = "pukkandan.ytdlp@gmail.com"},
+]
+maintainers = [
+    {email = "maintainers@yt-dlp.org"},
    {name = "Grub4K", email = "contact@grub4k.xyz"},
    {name = "bashonly", email = "bashonly@protonmail.com"},
    {name = "coletdjnz", email = "coletdjnz@protonmail.com"},
@@ -13,7 +16,7 @@ maintainers = [
 ]
 description = "A feature-rich command-line audio/video downloader"
 readme = "README.md"
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 keywords = [
    "cli",
    "downloader",
@@ -30,7 +33,6 @@ classifiers = [
    "Environment :: Console",
    "Programming Language :: Python",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
@@ -54,6 +56,7 @@ default = [
    "requests>=2.32.2,<3",
    "urllib3>=2.0.2,<3",
    "websockets>=13.0",
+    "yt-dlp-ejs==0.3.1",
 ]
 curl-cffi = [
    "curl-cffi>=0.5.10,!=0.6.*,!=0.7.*,!=0.8.*,!=0.9.*,<0.14; implementation_name=='cpython'",
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ dev = [
 ]
 static-analysis = [
    "autopep8~=2.0",
-    "ruff~=0.13.0",
+    "ruff~=0.14.0",
 ]
 test = [
    "pytest~=8.1",
@@ -90,7 +93,7 @@ pyinstaller = [
 Documentation = "https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp#readme"
 Repository = "https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp"
 Tracker = "https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues"
-Funding = "https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/Collaborators.md#collaborators"
+Funding = "https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/Maintainers.md#maintainers"

 [project.scripts]
 yt-dlp = "yt_dlp:main"
@@ -120,7 +123,12 @@ artifacts = [

 [tool.hatch.build.targets.wheel]
 packages = ["yt_dlp"]
-artifacts = ["/yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py"]
+artifacts = [
+    "/yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py",
+]
+exclude = [
+    "/yt_dlp/**/*.md",
+]

 [tool.hatch.build.targets.wheel.shared-data]
 "completions/bash/yt-dlp" = "share/bash-completion/completions/yt-dlp"
@@ -168,7 +176,6 @@ run-cov = "echo Code coverage not implemented && exit 1"

 [[tool.hatch.envs.hatch-test.matrix]]
 python = [
-    "3.9",
    "3.10",
    "3.11",
    "3.12",
--- a/supportedsites.md
+++ b/supportedsites.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ # Supported sites
 - **17live:vod**
 - **1News**: 1news.co.nz article videos
 - **1tv**: Первый канал
+ - **1tv:live**: Первый канал (прямой эфир)
 - **20min**: (**Currently broken**)
 - **23video**
 - **247sports**: (**Currently broken**)
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ # Supported sites
 - **aol.com**: Yahoo screen and movies (**Currently broken**)
 - **APA**
 - **Aparat**
- - **AppleConnect**
+ - **apple:music:connect**: Apple Music Connect
 - **AppleDaily**: 臺灣蘋果日報
 - **ApplePodcasts**
 - **appletrailers**
@@ -93,6 +94,8 @@ # Supported sites
 - **archive.org**: archive.org video and audio
 - **ArcPublishing**
 - **ARD**
+ - **ARDAudiothek**
+ - **ARDAudiothekPlaylist**
 - **ARDMediathek**
 - **ARDMediathekCollection**
 - **Art19**
@@ -533,7 +536,6 @@ # Supported sites
 - **google:podcasts:feed**
 - **GoogleDrive**
 - **GoogleDrive:Folder**
- - **GoPlay**: [*goplay*](## "netrc machine")
 - **GoPro**
 - **Goshgay**
 - **GoToStage**
@@ -844,6 +846,7 @@ # Supported sites
 - **MusicdexArtist**
 - **MusicdexPlaylist**
 - **MusicdexSong**
+ - **Mux**
 - **Mx3**
 - **Mx3Neo**
 - **Mx3Volksmusik**
@@ -858,6 +861,7 @@ # Supported sites
 - **n-tv.de**
 - **N1Info:article**
 - **N1InfoAsset**
+ - **NascarClassics**
 - **Nate**
 - **NateProgram**
 - **natgeo:video**
@@ -1071,6 +1075,7 @@ # Supported sites
 - **PlanetMarathi**
 - **Platzi**: [*platzi*](## "netrc machine")
 - **PlatziCourse**: [*platzi*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **play.tv**: [*goplay*](## "netrc machine") PLAY (formerly goplay.be)
 - **player.sky.it**
 - **PlayerFm**
 - **playeur**
@@ -1541,7 +1546,7 @@ # Supported sites
 - **tvigle**: Интернет-телевидение Tvigle.ru
 - **TVIPlayer**
 - **TVN24**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **TVNoe**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **tvnoe**: Televize Noe
 - **tvopengr:embed**: tvopen.gr embedded videos
 - **tvopengr:watch**: tvopen.gr (and ethnos.gr) videos
 - **tvp**: Telewizja Polska
@@ -1559,12 +1564,12 @@ # Supported sites
 - **TwitCastingLive**
 - **TwitCastingUser**
 - **twitch:clips**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **twitch:collection**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
 - **twitch:stream**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **twitch:videos**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **twitch:videos:clips**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **twitch:videos:collections**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
 - **twitch:vod**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
- - **TwitchCollection**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
- - **TwitchVideos**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
- - **TwitchVideosClips**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
- - **TwitchVideosCollections**: [*twitch*](## "netrc machine")
 - **twitter**: [*twitter*](## "netrc machine")
 - **twitter:amplify**: [*twitter*](## "netrc machine")
 - **twitter:broadcast**: [*twitter*](## "netrc machine")
--- a/test/conftest.py
+++ b/test/conftest.py
@@ -52,6 +52,33 @@ def skip_handlers_if(request, handler):
            pytest.skip(marker.args[1] if len(marker.args) > 1 else '')


+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def handler_flaky(request, handler):
+    """Mark a certain handler as being flaky.
+
+    This will skip the test if pytest does not get run using `--allow-flaky`
+
+    usage:
+        pytest.mark.handler_flaky('my_handler', os.name != 'nt', reason='reason')
+    """
+    for marker in request.node.iter_markers(handler_flaky.__name__):
+        if (
+            marker.args[0] == handler.RH_KEY
+            and (not marker.args[1:] or any(marker.args[1:]))
+            and request.config.getoption('disallow_flaky')
+        ):
+            reason = marker.kwargs.get('reason')
+            pytest.skip(f'flaky: {reason}' if reason else 'flaky')
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser, pluginmanager):
+    parser.addoption(
+        '--disallow-flaky',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='disallow flaky tests from running.',
+    )
+
+
 def pytest_configure(config):
    config.addinivalue_line(
        'markers', 'skip_handler(handler): skip test for the given handler',
@@ -62,3 +89,6 @@ def pytest_configure(config):
    config.addinivalue_line(
        'markers', 'skip_handlers_if(handler): skip test for handlers when the condition is true',
    )
+    config.addinivalue_line(
+        'markers', 'handler_flaky(handler): mark handler as flaky if condition is true',
+    )
--- a/test/helper.py
+++ b/test/helper.py
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ def _iter_differences(got, expected, field):
            yield field, f'expected length of {len(expected)}, got {len(got)}'
            return

-        for index, (got_val, expected_val) in enumerate(zip(got, expected)):
+        for index, (got_val, expected_val) in enumerate(zip(got, expected, strict=True)):
            field_name = str(index) if field is None else f'{field}.{index}'
            yield from _iter_differences(got_val, expected_val, field_name)
        return
--- a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@

 from test.helper import FakeYDL, assertRegexpMatches, try_rm
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
-from yt_dlp.extractor import YoutubeIE
 from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
 from yt_dlp.postprocessor.common import PostProcessor
 from yt_dlp.utils import (
@@ -336,99 +335,6 @@ def test_format_selection_string_ops(self):
        ydl = YDL({'format': '[format_id!*=-]'})
        self.assertRaises(ExtractorError, ydl.process_ie_result, info_dict.copy())

-    def test_youtube_format_selection(self):
-        # FIXME: Rewrite in accordance with the new format sorting options
-        return
-
-        order = [
-            '38', '37', '46', '22', '45', '35', '44', '18', '34', '43', '6', '5', '17', '36', '13',
-            # Apple HTTP Live Streaming
-            '96', '95', '94', '93', '92', '132', '151',
-            # 3D
-            '85', '84', '102', '83', '101', '82', '100',
-            # Dash video
-            '137', '248', '136', '247', '135', '246',
-            '245', '244', '134', '243', '133', '242', '160',
-            # Dash audio
-            '141', '172', '140', '171', '139',
-        ]
-
-        def format_info(f_id):
-            info = YoutubeIE._formats[f_id].copy()
-
-            # XXX: In real cases InfoExtractor._parse_mpd_formats() fills up 'acodec'
-            # and 'vcodec', while in tests such information is incomplete since
-            # commit a6c2c24479e5f4827ceb06f64d855329c0a6f593
-            # test_YoutubeDL.test_youtube_format_selection is broken without
-            # this fix
-            if 'acodec' in info and 'vcodec' not in info:
-                info['vcodec'] = 'none'
-            elif 'vcodec' in info and 'acodec' not in info:
-                info['acodec'] = 'none'
-
-            info['format_id'] = f_id
-            info['url'] = 'url:' + f_id
-            return info
-        formats_order = [format_info(f_id) for f_id in order]
-
-        info_dict = _make_result(list(formats_order), extractor='youtube')
-        ydl = YDL({'format': 'bestvideo+bestaudio'})
-        ydl.sort_formats(info_dict)
-        ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-        downloaded = ydl.downloaded_info_dicts[0]
-        self.assertEqual(downloaded['format_id'], '248+172')
-        self.assertEqual(downloaded['ext'], 'mp4')
-
-        info_dict = _make_result(list(formats_order), extractor='youtube')
-        ydl = YDL({'format': 'bestvideo[height>=999999]+bestaudio/best'})
-        ydl.sort_formats(info_dict)
-        ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-        downloaded = ydl.downloaded_info_dicts[0]
-        self.assertEqual(downloaded['format_id'], '38')
-
-        info_dict = _make_result(list(formats_order), extractor='youtube')
-        ydl = YDL({'format': 'bestvideo/best,bestaudio'})
-        ydl.sort_formats(info_dict)
-        ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-        downloaded_ids = [info['format_id'] for info in ydl.downloaded_info_dicts]
-        self.assertEqual(downloaded_ids, ['137', '141'])
-
-        info_dict = _make_result(list(formats_order), extractor='youtube')
-        ydl = YDL({'format': '(bestvideo[ext=mp4],bestvideo[ext=webm])+bestaudio'})
-        ydl.sort_formats(info_dict)
-        ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-        downloaded_ids = [info['format_id'] for info in ydl.downloaded_info_dicts]
-        self.assertEqual(downloaded_ids, ['137+141', '248+141'])
-
-        info_dict = _make_result(list(formats_order), extractor='youtube')
-        ydl = YDL({'format': '(bestvideo[ext=mp4],bestvideo[ext=webm])[height<=720]+bestaudio'})
-        ydl.sort_formats(info_dict)
-        ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-        downloaded_ids = [info['format_id'] for info in ydl.downloaded_info_dicts]
-        self.assertEqual(downloaded_ids, ['136+141', '247+141'])
-
-        info_dict = _make_result(list(formats_order), extractor='youtube')
-        ydl = YDL({'format': '(bestvideo[ext=none]/bestvideo[ext=webm])+bestaudio'})
-        ydl.sort_formats(info_dict)
-        ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-        downloaded_ids = [info['format_id'] for info in ydl.downloaded_info_dicts]
-        self.assertEqual(downloaded_ids, ['248+141'])
-
-        for f1, f2 in zip(formats_order, formats_order[1:]):
-            info_dict = _make_result([f1, f2], extractor='youtube')
-            ydl = YDL({'format': 'best/bestvideo'})
-            ydl.sort_formats(info_dict)
-            ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-            downloaded = ydl.downloaded_info_dicts[0]
-            self.assertEqual(downloaded['format_id'], f1['format_id'])
-
-            info_dict = _make_result([f2, f1], extractor='youtube')
-            ydl = YDL({'format': 'best/bestvideo'})
-            ydl.sort_formats(info_dict)
-            ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-            downloaded = ydl.downloaded_info_dicts[0]
-            self.assertEqual(downloaded['format_id'], f1['format_id'])
-
    def test_audio_only_extractor_format_selection(self):
        # For extractors with incomplete formats (all formats are audio-only or
        # video-only) best and worst should fallback to corresponding best/worst
@@ -749,7 +655,7 @@ def test(tmpl, expected, *, info=None, **params):

            if not isinstance(expected, (list, tuple)):
                expected = (expected, expected)
-            for (name, got), expect in zip((('outtmpl', out), ('filename', fname)), expected):
+            for (name, got), expect in zip((('outtmpl', out), ('filename', fname)), expected, strict=True):
                if callable(expect):
                    self.assertTrue(expect(got), f'Wrong {name} from {tmpl}')
                elif expect is not None:
@@ -1147,7 +1053,7 @@ def test_selection(params, expected_ids, evaluate_all=False):
                entries = func(evaluated)
                results = [(v['playlist_autonumber'] - 1, (int(v['id']), v['playlist_index']))
                           for v in get_downloaded_info_dicts(params, entries)]
-                self.assertEqual(results, list(enumerate(zip(expected_ids, expected_ids))), f'Entries of {name} for {params}')
+                self.assertEqual(results, list(enumerate(zip(expected_ids, expected_ids, strict=True))), f'Entries of {name} for {params}')
                self.assertEqual(sorted(evaluated), expected_eval, f'Evaluation of {name} for {params}')

        test_selection({}, INDICES)
--- a/test/test_http_proxy.py
+++ b/test/test_http_proxy.py
@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ def ctx(request):

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+@pytest.mark.handler_flaky('CurlCFFI', reason='segfaults')
@pytest.mark.parametrize('ctx', ['http'], indirect=True)  # pure http proxy can only support http
 class TestHTTPProxy:
    def test_http_no_auth(self, handler, ctx):
@@ -315,6 +316,7 @@ def test_http_with_idn(self, handler, ctx):
        ('Requests', 'https'),
        ('CurlCFFI', 'https'),
    ], indirect=True)
+@pytest.mark.handler_flaky('CurlCFFI', reason='segfaults')
 class TestHTTPConnectProxy:
    def test_http_connect_no_auth(self, handler, ctx):
        with ctx.http_server(HTTPConnectProxyHandler) as server_address:
--- a/test/test_jsc/conftest.py
+++ b/test/test_jsc/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import re
+import pathlib
+
+import pytest
+
+import yt_dlp.globals
+from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
+from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
+
+
+_TESTDATA_PATH = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent / 'testdata/sigs'
+_player_re = re.compile(r'^.+/player/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_/.-]+)\.js$')
+_player_id_trans = str.maketrans(dict.fromkeys('/.-', '_'))
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ie() -> InfoExtractor:
+    runtime_names = yt_dlp.globals.supported_js_runtimes.value
+    ydl = YoutubeDL({'js_runtimes': {key: {} for key in runtime_names}})
+    ie = ydl.get_info_extractor('Youtube')
+
+    def _load_player(video_id, player_url, fatal=True):
+        match = _player_re.match(player_url)
+        test_id = match.group('id').translate(_player_id_trans)
+        cached_file = _TESTDATA_PATH / f'player-{test_id}.js'
+
+        if cached_file.exists():
+            return cached_file.read_text()
+
+        if code := ie._download_webpage(player_url, video_id, fatal=fatal):
+            _TESTDATA_PATH.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
+            cached_file.write_text(code)
+            return code
+
+        return None
+
+    ie._load_player = _load_player
+    return ie
+
+
+class MockLogger:
+    def trace(self, message: str):
+        print(f'trace: {message}')
+
+    def debug(self, message: str, *, once=False):
+        print(f'debug: {message}')
+
+    def info(self, message: str):
+        print(f'info: {message}')
+
+    def warning(self, message: str, *, once=False):
+        print(f'warning: {message}')
+
+    def error(self, message: str):
+        print(f'error: {message}')
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def logger():
+    return MockLogger()
--- a/test/test_jsc/test_ejs_integration.py
+++ b/test/test_jsc/test_ejs_integration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import enum
+import importlib.util
+import json
+
+import pytest
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import (
+    JsChallengeRequest,
+    JsChallengeType,
+    JsChallengeProviderResponse,
+    JsChallengeResponse,
+    NChallengeInput,
+    NChallengeOutput,
+    SigChallengeInput,
+    SigChallengeOutput,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.bun import BunJCP
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.deno import DenoJCP
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.node import NodeJCP
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.quickjs import QuickJSJCP
+
+
+_has_ejs = bool(importlib.util.find_spec('yt_dlp_ejs'))
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(not _has_ejs, reason='yt-dlp-ejs not available')
+
+
+class Variant(enum.Enum):
+    main = 'player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js'
+    tcc = 'player_ias_tcc.vflset/en_US/base.js'
+    tce = 'player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js'
+    es5 = 'player_es5.vflset/en_US/base.js'
+    es6 = 'player_es6.vflset/en_US/base.js'
+    tv = 'tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js'
+    tv_es6 = 'tv-player-es6.vflset/tv-player-es6.js'
+    phone = 'player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js'
+    tablet = 'player-plasma-ias-tablet-en_US.vflset/base.js'
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class Challenge:
+    player: str
+    variant: Variant
+    type: JsChallengeType
+    values: dict[str, str] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
+
+    def url(self, /):
+        return f'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/{self.player}/{self.variant.value}'
+
+
+CHALLENGES: list[Challenge] = [
+    Challenge('3d3ba064', Variant.tce, JsChallengeType.N, {
+        'ZdZIqFPQK-Ty8wId': 'qmtUsIz04xxiNW',
+        '4GMrWHyKI5cEvhDO': 'N9gmEX7YhKTSmw',
+    }),
+    Challenge('3d3ba064', Variant.tce, JsChallengeType.SIG, {
+        'gN7a-hudCuAuPH6fByOk1_GNXN0yNMHShjZXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeavEOmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt':
+            'ttJC2JfQdSswRAIgGBCxZyAfKyi0cjXCb3gqEctUw-NYdNmOEvaepit0zJAtIEsgOV2SXZjhSHMNy0NXNG_1kNyBf6HPuAuCduh-a7O',
+    }),
+    Challenge('5ec65609', Variant.tce, JsChallengeType.N, {
+        '0eRGgQWJGfT5rFHFj': '4SvMpDQH-vBJCw',
+    }),
+    Challenge('5ec65609', Variant.tce, JsChallengeType.SIG, {
+        'AAJAJfQdSswRQIhAMG5SN7-cAFChdrE7tLA6grH0rTMICA1mmDc0HoXgW3CAiAQQ4=CspfaF_vt82XH5yewvqcuEkvzeTsbRuHssRMyJQ=I':
+            'AJfQdSswRQIhAMG5SN7-cAFChdrE7tLA6grI0rTMICA1mmDc0HoXgW3CAiAQQ4HCspfaF_vt82XH5yewvqcuEkvzeTsbRuHssRMyJQ==',
+    }),
+    Challenge('6742b2b9', Variant.tce, JsChallengeType.N, {
+        '_HPB-7GFg1VTkn9u': 'qUAsPryAO_ByYg',
+        'K1t_fcB6phzuq2SF': 'Y7PcOt3VE62mog',
+    }),
+    Challenge('6742b2b9', Variant.tce, JsChallengeType.SIG, {
+        'MMGZJMUucirzS_SnrSPYsc85CJNnTUi6GgR5NKn-znQEICACojE8MHS6S7uYq4TGjQX_D4aPk99hNU6wbTvorvVVMgIARwsSdQfJAA':
+            'AJfQdSswRAIgMVVvrovTbw6UNh99kPa4D_XQjGT4qYu7S6SHM8EjoCACIEQnz-nKN5RgG6iUTnNJC58csYPSrnS_SzricuUMJZGM',
+    }),
+    Challenge('2b83d2e0', Variant.main, JsChallengeType.N, {
+        '0eRGgQWJGfT5rFHFj': 'euHbygrCMLksxd',
+    }),
+    Challenge('2b83d2e0', Variant.main, JsChallengeType.SIG, {
+        'MMGZJMUucirzS_SnrSPYsc85CJNnTUi6GgR5NKn-znQEICACojE8MHS6S7uYq4TGjQX_D4aPk99hNU6wbTvorvVVMgIARwsSdQfJA':
+            '-MGZJMUucirzS_SnrSPYsc85CJNnTUi6GgR5NKnMznQEICACojE8MHS6S7uYq4TGjQX_D4aPk99hNU6wbTvorvVVMgIARwsSdQfJ',
+    }),
+    Challenge('638ec5c6', Variant.main, JsChallengeType.N, {
+        'ZdZIqFPQK-Ty8wId': '1qov8-KM-yH',
+    }),
+    Challenge('638ec5c6', Variant.main, JsChallengeType.SIG, {
+        'gN7a-hudCuAuPH6fByOk1_GNXN0yNMHShjZXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeavEOmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt':
+            'MhudCuAuP-6fByOk1_GNXN7gNHHShjyXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeav0OmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt',
+    }),
+]
+
+requests: list[JsChallengeRequest] = []
+responses: list[JsChallengeProviderResponse] = []
+for test in CHALLENGES:
+    input_type, output_type = {
+        JsChallengeType.N: (NChallengeInput, NChallengeOutput),
+        JsChallengeType.SIG: (SigChallengeInput, SigChallengeOutput),
+    }[test.type]
+
+    request = JsChallengeRequest(test.type, input_type(test.url(), list(test.values.keys())), test.player)
+    requests.append(request)
+    responses.append(JsChallengeProviderResponse(request, JsChallengeResponse(test.type, output_type(test.values))))
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(params=[BunJCP, DenoJCP, NodeJCP, QuickJSJCP])
+def jcp(request, ie, logger):
+    obj = request.param(ie, logger, None)
+    if not obj.is_available():
+        pytest.skip(f'{obj.PROVIDER_NAME} is not available')
+    obj.is_dev = True
+    return obj
+
+
+@pytest.mark.download
+def test_bulk_requests(jcp):
+    assert list(jcp.bulk_solve(requests)) == responses
+
+
+@pytest.mark.download
+def test_using_cached_player(jcp):
+    first_player_requests = requests[:3]
+    player = jcp._get_player(first_player_requests[0].video_id, first_player_requests[0].input.player_url)
+    initial = json.loads(jcp._run_js_runtime(jcp._construct_stdin(player, False, first_player_requests)))
+    preprocessed = initial.pop('preprocessed_player')
+    result = json.loads(jcp._run_js_runtime(jcp._construct_stdin(preprocessed, True, first_player_requests)))
+
+    assert initial == result
--- a/test/test_jsc/test_provider.py
+++ b/test/test_jsc/test_provider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+
+import pytest
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import (
+    JsChallengeProvider,
+    JsChallengeRequest,
+    JsChallengeProviderResponse,
+    JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest,
+    JsChallengeType,
+    JsChallengeResponse,
+    NChallengeOutput,
+    NChallengeInput,
+    JsChallengeProviderError,
+    register_provider,
+    register_preference,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.utils import ExtractorError
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._registry import _jsc_preferences, _jsc_providers
+
+
+class ExampleJCP(JsChallengeProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'example-provider'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://example.com/issues'
+
+    _SUPPORTED_TYPES = [JsChallengeType.N]
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def _real_bulk_solve(self, requests):
+        for request in requests:
+            results = dict.fromkeys(request.input.challenges, 'example-solution')
+            response = JsChallengeResponse(
+                type=request.type,
+                output=NChallengeOutput(results=results))
+            yield JsChallengeProviderResponse(request=request, response=response)
+
+
+PLAYER_URL = 'https://example.com/player.js'
+
+
+class TestJsChallengeProvider:
+    # note: some test covered in TestPoTokenProvider which shares the same base class
+    def test_base_type(self):
+        assert issubclass(JsChallengeProvider, IEContentProvider)
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_bulk_solve_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsJCP(JsChallengeProvider):
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='bulk_solve'):
+            MissingMethodsJCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_available_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsJCP(JsChallengeProvider):
+            def _real_bulk_solve(self, requests):
+                raise JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest('Not implemented')
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='is_available'):
+            MissingMethodsJCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_barebones_provider(self, ie, logger):
+        class BarebonesProviderJCP(JsChallengeProvider):
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+            def _real_bulk_solve(self, requests):
+                raise JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest('Not implemented')
+
+        provider = BarebonesProviderJCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_NAME == 'BarebonesProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_KEY == 'BarebonesProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_VERSION == '0.0.0'
+        assert provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == 'please report this issue to the provider developer at  (developer has not provided a bug report location)  .'
+
+    def test_example_provider_success(self, ie, logger):
+        provider = ExampleJCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        request = JsChallengeRequest(
+            type=JsChallengeType.N,
+            input=NChallengeInput(player_url=PLAYER_URL, challenges=['example-challenge']))
+
+        request_two = JsChallengeRequest(
+            type=JsChallengeType.N,
+            input=NChallengeInput(player_url=PLAYER_URL, challenges=['example-challenge-2']))
+
+        responses = list(provider.bulk_solve([request, request_two]))
+        assert len(responses) == 2
+        assert all(isinstance(r, JsChallengeProviderResponse) for r in responses)
+        assert responses == [
+            JsChallengeProviderResponse(
+                request=request,
+                response=JsChallengeResponse(
+                    type=JsChallengeType.N,
+                    output=NChallengeOutput(results={'example-challenge': 'example-solution'}),
+                ),
+            ),
+            JsChallengeProviderResponse(
+                request=request_two,
+                response=JsChallengeResponse(
+                    type=JsChallengeType.N,
+                    output=NChallengeOutput(results={'example-challenge-2': 'example-solution'}),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ]
+
+    def test_provider_unsupported_challenge_type(self, ie, logger):
+        provider = ExampleJCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        request_supported = JsChallengeRequest(
+            type=JsChallengeType.N,
+            input=NChallengeInput(player_url=PLAYER_URL, challenges=['example-challenge']))
+        request_unsupported = JsChallengeRequest(
+            type=JsChallengeType.SIG,
+            input=NChallengeInput(player_url=PLAYER_URL, challenges=['example-challenge']))
+        responses = list(provider.bulk_solve([request_supported, request_unsupported, request_supported]))
+        assert len(responses) == 3
+        # Requests are validated first before continuing to _real_bulk_solve
+        assert isinstance(responses[0], JsChallengeProviderResponse)
+        assert isinstance(responses[0].error, JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest)
+        assert responses[0].request is request_unsupported
+        assert str(responses[0].error) == 'JS Challenge type "JsChallengeType.SIG" is not supported by example-provider'
+
+        assert responses[1:] == [
+            JsChallengeProviderResponse(
+                request=request_supported,
+                response=JsChallengeResponse(
+                    type=JsChallengeType.N,
+                    output=NChallengeOutput(results={'example-challenge': 'example-solution'}),
+                ),
+            ),
+            JsChallengeProviderResponse(
+                request=request_supported,
+                response=JsChallengeResponse(
+                    type=JsChallengeType.N,
+                    output=NChallengeOutput(results={'example-challenge': 'example-solution'}),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ]
+
+    def test_provider_get_player(self, ie, logger):
+        ie._load_player = lambda video_id, player_url, fatal: (video_id, player_url, fatal)
+        provider = ExampleJCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert provider._get_player('video123', PLAYER_URL) == ('video123', PLAYER_URL, True)
+
+    def test_provider_get_player_error(self, ie, logger):
+        def raise_error(video_id, player_url, fatal):
+            raise ExtractorError('Failed to load player')
+
+        ie._load_player = raise_error
+        provider = ExampleJCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        with pytest.raises(JsChallengeProviderError, match='Failed to load player for JS challenge'):
+            provider._get_player('video123', PLAYER_URL)
+
+    def test_require_class_end_with_suffix(self, ie, logger):
+        class InvalidSuffix(JsChallengeProvider):
+            PROVIDER_NAME = 'invalid-suffix'
+
+            def _real_bulk_solve(self, requests):
+                raise JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest('Not implemented')
+
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+        provider = InvalidSuffix(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+            provider.PROVIDER_KEY  # noqa: B018
+
+
+def test_register_provider(ie):
+
+    @register_provider
+    class UnavailableProviderJCP(JsChallengeProvider):
+        def is_available(self) -> bool:
+            return False
+
+        def _real_bulk_solve(self, requests):
+            raise JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest('Not implemented')
+
+    assert _jsc_providers.value.get('UnavailableProvider') == UnavailableProviderJCP
+    _jsc_providers.value.pop('UnavailableProvider')
+
+
+def test_register_preference(ie):
+    before = len(_jsc_preferences.value)
+
+    @register_preference(ExampleJCP)
+    def unavailable_preference(*args, **kwargs):
+        return 1
+
+    assert len(_jsc_preferences.value) == before + 1
--- a/test/test_networking.py
+++ b/test/test_networking.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock

 import pytest

@@ -311,6 +312,7 @@ def setup_class(cls):


@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+@pytest.mark.handler_flaky('CurlCFFI', os.name == 'nt', reason='segfaults')
 class TestHTTPRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):

    def test_verify_cert(self, handler):
@@ -614,8 +616,11 @@ def test_source_address(self, handler):
    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi')
    def test_gzip_trailing_garbage(self, handler):
        with handler() as rh:
-            data = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://localhost:{self.http_port}/trailing_garbage')).read().decode()
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://localhost:{self.http_port}/trailing_garbage'))
+            data = res.read().decode()
            assert data == '<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+            # Should auto-close and mark the response adaptor as closed
+            assert res.closed

    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not applicable to curl-cffi')
    @pytest.mark.skipif(not brotli, reason='brotli support is not installed')
@@ -627,6 +632,8 @@ def test_brotli(self, handler):
                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'br'}))
            assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'br'
            assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+            # Should auto-close and mark the response adaptor as closed
+            assert res.closed

    def test_deflate(self, handler):
        with handler() as rh:
@@ -636,6 +643,8 @@ def test_deflate(self, handler):
                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'deflate'}))
            assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'deflate'
            assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+            # Should auto-close and mark the response adaptor as closed
+            assert res.closed

    def test_gzip(self, handler):
        with handler() as rh:
@@ -645,6 +654,8 @@ def test_gzip(self, handler):
                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'gzip'}))
            assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'gzip'
            assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+            # Should auto-close and mark the response adaptor as closed
+            assert res.closed

    def test_multiple_encodings(self, handler):
        with handler() as rh:
@@ -655,6 +666,8 @@ def test_multiple_encodings(self, handler):
                        headers={'ytdl-encoding': pair}))
                assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == pair
                assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+                # Should auto-close and mark the response adaptor as closed
+                assert res.closed

    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi')
    def test_unsupported_encoding(self, handler):
@@ -665,6 +678,8 @@ def test_unsupported_encoding(self, handler):
                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'unsupported', 'Accept-Encoding': '*'}))
            assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'unsupported'
            assert res.read() == b'raw'
+            # Should auto-close and mark the response adaptor as closed
+            assert res.closed

    def test_read(self, handler):
        with handler() as rh:
@@ -672,9 +687,13 @@ def test_read(self, handler):
                rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers'))
            assert res.readable()
            assert res.read(1) == b'H'
+            # Ensure we don't close the adaptor yet
+            assert not res.closed
            assert res.read(3) == b'ost'
            assert res.read().decode().endswith('\n\n')
            assert res.read() == b''
+            # Should auto-close and mark the response adaptor as closed
+            assert res.closed

    def test_request_disable_proxy(self, handler):
        for proxy_proto in handler._SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES or ['http']:
@@ -738,6 +757,7 @@ def test_partial_read_then_full_read(self, handler):


@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+@pytest.mark.handler_flaky('CurlCFFI', reason='segfaults')
 class TestClientCertificate:
    @classmethod
    def setup_class(cls):
@@ -875,11 +895,31 @@ def test_file_urls(self, handler):

        with handler(enable_file_urls=True) as rh:
            res = validate_and_send(rh, req)
-            assert res.read() == b'foobar'
-            res.close()
+            assert res.read(1) == b'f'
+            assert not res.fp.closed
+            assert res.read() == b'oobar'
+            # Should automatically close the underlying file object
+            assert res.fp.closed

        os.unlink(tf.name)

+    def test_data_uri_auto_close(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request('data:text/plain,hello%20world'))
+            assert res.read() == b'hello world'
+            # Should automatically close the underlying file object
+            assert res.fp.closed
+            assert res.closed
+
+    def test_http_response_auto_close(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200'))
+            assert res.read() == b'<html></html>'
+            # Should automatically close the underlying file object in the HTTP Response
+            assert isinstance(res.fp, http.client.HTTPResponse)
+            assert res.fp.fp is None
+            assert res.closed
+
    def test_http_error_returns_content(self, handler):
        # urllib HTTPError will try close the underlying response if reference to the HTTPError object is lost
        def get_response():
@@ -1012,8 +1052,17 @@ def mock_close(*args, **kwargs):
        rh.close()
        assert called

+    def test_http_response_auto_close(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200'))
+            assert res.read() == b'<html></html>'
+            # Should automatically close the underlying file object in the HTTP Response
+            assert res.fp.closed
+            assert res.closed
+

@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+@pytest.mark.handler_flaky('CurlCFFI', os.name == 'nt', reason='segfaults')
 class TestCurlCFFIRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('params,extensions', [
@@ -1177,6 +1226,14 @@ def close(self):
        assert res4.closed
        assert res4._buffer == b''

+    def test_http_response_auto_close(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200'))
+            assert res.read() == b'<html></html>'
+            # Should automatically close the underlying file object in the HTTP Response
+            assert res.fp.closed
+            assert res.closed
+

 def run_validation(handler, error, req, **handler_kwargs):
    with handler(**handler_kwargs) as rh:
@@ -2032,6 +2089,30 @@ def test_compat(self):
            assert res.info() is res.headers
            assert res.getheader('test') == res.get_header('test')

+    def test_auto_close(self):
+        # Should mark the response as closed if the underlying file is closed
+        class AutoCloseBytesIO(io.BytesIO):
+            def read(self, size=-1, /):
+                data = super().read(size)
+                self.close()
+                return data
+
+        fp = AutoCloseBytesIO(b'test')
+        res = Response(fp, url='test://', headers={}, status=200)
+        assert not res.closed
+        res.read()
+        assert res.closed
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        # Should not call close() on the underlying file when already closed
+        fp = MagicMock()
+        fp.closed = False
+        res = Response(fp, url='test://', headers={}, status=200)
+        res.close()
+        fp.closed = True
+        res.close()
+        assert fp.close.call_count == 1
+

 class TestImpersonateTarget:
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('target_str,expected', [
--- a/test/test_postprocessors.py
+++ b/test/test_postprocessors.py
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def _chapters(self, ends, titles):
        self.assertEqual(len(ends), len(titles))
        start = 0
        chapters = []
-        for e, t in zip(ends, titles):
+        for e, t in zip(ends, titles, strict=True):
            chapters.append(self._chapter(start, e, t))
            start = e
        return chapters
--- a/test/test_pot/test_pot_framework.py
+++ b/test/test_pot/test_pot_framework.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import pytest

-from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider, configuration_arg
 from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
 from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict
 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
@@ -627,3 +627,13 @@ def test_logger_log_level(logger):
    assert logger.LogLevel('debuG') == logger.LogLevel.DEBUG
    assert logger.LogLevel(10) == logger.LogLevel.DEBUG
    assert logger.LogLevel('UNKNOWN') == logger.LogLevel.INFO
+
+
+def test_configuration_arg():
+    config = {'abc': ['123D'], 'xyz': ['456a', '789B']}
+
+    assert configuration_arg(config, 'abc') == ['123d']
+    assert configuration_arg(config, 'abc', default=['default']) == ['123d']
+    assert configuration_arg(config, 'ABC', default=['default']) == ['default']
+    assert configuration_arg(config, 'abc', casesense=True) == ['123D']
+    assert configuration_arg(config, 'xyz', casesense=False) == ['456a', '789b']
--- a/test/test_socks.py
+++ b/test/test_socks.py
@@ -295,6 +295,7 @@ def ctx(request):
        ('Websockets', 'ws'),
        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
    ], indirect=True)
+@pytest.mark.handler_flaky('CurlCFFI', reason='segfaults')
 class TestSocks4Proxy:
    def test_socks4_no_auth(self, handler, ctx):
        with handler() as rh:
@@ -370,6 +371,7 @@ def test_timeout(self, handler, ctx):
        ('Websockets', 'ws'),
        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
    ], indirect=True)
+@pytest.mark.handler_flaky('CurlCFFI', reason='segfaults')
 class TestSocks5Proxy:

    def test_socks5_no_auth(self, handler, ctx):
--- a/test/test_traversal.py
+++ b/test/test_traversal.py
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ def test_traversal_unbranching(self):

    def test_traversal_morsel(self):
        morsel = http.cookies.Morsel()
-        values = dict(zip(morsel, 'abcdefghijklmnop'))
+        values = dict(zip(morsel, 'abcdefghijklmnop', strict=False))
        morsel.set('item_key', 'item_value', 'coded_value')
        morsel.update(values)
        values['key'] = 'item_key'
--- a/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_utils.py
@@ -1863,7 +1863,7 @@ def test_get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute(self):

        self.assertEqual(
            list(get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute('class', 'foo bar', html)),
-            list(zip(['nice', 'also nice'], self.GET_ELEMENTS_BY_CLASS_RES)))
+            list(zip(['nice', 'also nice'], self.GET_ELEMENTS_BY_CLASS_RES, strict=True)))
        self.assertEqual(list(get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute('class', 'foo', html)), [])
        self.assertEqual(list(get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute('class', 'no-such-foo', html)), [])

--- a/test/test_websockets.py
+++ b/test/test_websockets.py
@@ -38,6 +38,13 @@
 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))


+pytestmark = pytest.mark.handler_flaky(
+    'Websockets',
+    os.name != 'nt' and sys.implementation.name == 'pypy',
+    reason='segfaults',
+)
+
+
 def websocket_handler(websocket):
    for message in websocket:
        if isinstance(message, bytes):
--- a/test/test_youtube_signature.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
@@ -1,504 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-# Allow direct execution
-import os
-import sys
-import unittest
-
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
-
-
-import contextlib
-import re
-import string
-import urllib.request
-
-from test.helper import FakeYDL, is_download_test
-from yt_dlp.extractor import YoutubeIE
-from yt_dlp.jsinterp import JSInterpreter
-
-_SIG_TESTS = [
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-vflHOr_nV.js',
-        86,
-        '>=<;:/.-[+*)(\'&%$#"!ZYX0VUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA\\yxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba987654321',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-vfldJ8xgI.js',
-        85,
-        '3456789a0cdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS[UVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-vfle-mVwz.js',
-        90,
-        ']\\[@?>=<;:/.-,+*)(\'&%$#"hZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBAzyxwvutsrqponmlkjiagfedcb39876',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vfl0Cbn9e.js',
-        84,
-        'O1I3456789abcde0ghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHfJKLMN2PQRSTUVW@YZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflXGBaUN.js',
-        '2ACFC7A61CA478CD21425E5A57EBD73DDC78E22A.2094302436B2D377D14A3BBA23022D023B8BC25AA',
-        'A52CB8B320D22032ABB3A41D773D2B6342034902.A22E87CDD37DBE75A5E52412DC874AC16A7CFCA2',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflBb0OQx.js',
-        84,
-        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ0STUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,@./:;<=>',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vfl9FYC6l.js',
-        83,
-        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqr0tuvwxyzABCDETGHIJKLMNOPQRS>UVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=F',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflCGk6yw/html5player.js',
-        '4646B5181C6C3020DF1D9C7FCFEA.AD80ABF70C39BD369CCCAE780AFBB98FA6B6CB42766249D9488C288',
-        '82C8849D94266724DC6B6AF89BBFA087EACCD963.B93C07FBA084ACAEFCF7C9D1FD0203C6C1815B6B',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflKjOTVq/html5player.js',
-        '312AA52209E3623129A412D56A40F11CB0AF14AE.3EE09501CB14E3BCDC3B2AE808BF3F1D14E7FBF12',
-        '112AA5220913623229A412D56A40F11CB0AF14AE.3EE0950FCB14EEBCDC3B2AE808BF331D14E7FBF3',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/6ed0d907/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        'AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8j7v1pDL2QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/3bb1f723/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        'MyOSJXtKI3m-uME_jv7-pT12gOFC02RFkGoqWpzE0Cs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/2f1832d2/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        '0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xxAj7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJ2OySqa0q',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/643afba4/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        'AAOAOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8j7vgpDL0QwbdV06sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOS21Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOy1',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/363db69b/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        '0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpz2ICs6EVdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/363db69b/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        '0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpz2ICs6EVdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4fcd6e4a/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        'wAOAOq0QJ8ARAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8q7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4fcd6e4a/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        'wAOAOq0QJ8ARAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8q7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        '7AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkAs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8jOv1pDL0Q2bdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0qaw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        '7AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkAs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8jOv1pDL0Q2bdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0qaw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        '7AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkAs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8jOv1pDL0Q2bdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0qaw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player-plasma-ias-tablet-en_US.vflset/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        '7AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkAs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8jOv1pDL0Q2bdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0qaw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        'IAOAOq0QJ8wRAAgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8j7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_E2u-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/tv-player-es6.vflset/tv-player-es6.js',
-        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
-        'IAOAOq0QJ8wRAAgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8j7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_E2u-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e12fbea4/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'gN7a-hudCuAuPH6fByOk1_GNXN0yNMHShjZXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeavEOmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt',
-        'JC2JfQdSswRAIgGBCxZyAfKyi0cjXCb3DqEctUw-NYdNmOEvaepit0zJAtIEsgOV2SXZjhSHMNy0NXNG_1kOyBf6HPuAuCduh-a',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/010fbc8d/player_es5.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'gN7a-hudCuAuPH6fByOk1_GNXN0yNMHShjZXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeavEOmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt',
-        'ttJC2JfQdSswRAIgGBCxZyAfKyi0cjXCb3DqEctUw-NYdNmOEvaepit2zJAsIEggOVaSXZjhSHMNy0NXNG_1kOyBf6HPuAuCduh-',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/010fbc8d/player_es6.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'gN7a-hudCuAuPH6fByOk1_GNXN0yNMHShjZXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeavEOmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt',
-        'ttJC2JfQdSswRAIgGBCxZyAfKyi0cjXCb3DqEctUw-NYdNmOEvaepit2zJAsIEggOVaSXZjhSHMNy0NXNG_1kOyBf6HPuAuCduh-',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5ec65609/player_ias_tcc.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'AAJAJfQdSswRAIgNSN0GDUcHnCIXkKcF61yLBgDHiX1sUhOJdY4_GxunRYCIDeYNYP_16mQTPm5f1OVq3oV1ijUNYPjP4iUSMAjO9bZ',
-        'AJfQdSswRAIgNSN0GDUcHnCIXkKcF61ZLBgDHiX1sUhOJdY4_GxunRYCIDyYNYP_16mQTPm5f1OVq3oV1ijUNYPjP4iUSMAjO9be',
-    ),
-]
-
-_NSIG_TESTS = [
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/7862ca1f/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'X_LCxVDjAavgE5t', 'yxJ1dM6iz5ogUg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/9216d1f7/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'SLp9F5bwjAdhE9F-', 'gWnb9IK2DJ8Q1w',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/f8cb7a3b/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'oBo2h5euWy6osrUt', 'ivXHpm7qJjJN',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/2dfe380c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'oBo2h5euWy6osrUt', '3DIBbn3qdQ',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/f1ca6900/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'cu3wyu6LQn2hse', 'jvxetvmlI9AN9Q',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8040e515/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'wvOFaY-yjgDuIEg5', 'HkfBFDHmgw4rsw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e06dea74/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'AiuodmaDDYw8d3y4bf', 'ankd8eza2T6Qmw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5dd88d1d/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js',
-        'kSxKFLeqzv_ZyHSAt', 'n8gS8oRlHOxPFA',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/324f67b9/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'xdftNy7dh9QGnhW', '22qLGxrmX8F1rA',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4c3f79c5/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'TDCstCG66tEAO5pR9o', 'dbxNtZ14c-yWyw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/c81bbb4a/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'gre3EcLurNY2vqp94', 'Z9DfGxWP115WTg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/1f7d5369/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'batNX7sYqIJdkJ', 'IhOkL_zxbkOZBw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/009f1d77/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '5dwFHw8aFWQUQtffRq', 'audescmLUzI3jw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/dc0c6770/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '5EHDMgYLV6HPGk_Mu-kk', 'n9lUJLHbxUI0GQ',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/113ca41c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'cgYl-tlYkhjT7A', 'hI7BBr2zUgcmMg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/c57c113c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'M92UUMHa8PdvPd3wyM', '3hPqLJsiNZx7yA',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5a3b6271/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'B2j7f_UPT4rfje85Lu_e', 'm5DmNymaGQ5RdQ',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/7a062b77/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'NRcE3y3mVtm_cV-W', 'VbsCYUATvqlt5w',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/dac945fd/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'o8BkRxXhuYsBCWi6RplPdP', '3Lx32v_hmzTm6A',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/6f20102c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'lE8DhoDmKqnmJJ', 'pJTTX6XyJP2BYw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/cfa9e7cb/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'aCi3iElgd2kq0bxVbQ', 'QX1y8jGb2IbZ0w',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8c7583ff/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '1wWCVpRR96eAmMI87L', 'KSkWAVv1ZQxC3A',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/b7910ca8/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '_hXMCwMt9qE310D', 'LoZMgkkofRMCZQ',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/590f65a6/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '1tm7-g_A9zsI8_Lay_', 'xI4Vem4Put_rOg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/b22ef6e7/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'b6HcntHGkvBLk_FRf', 'kNPW6A7FyP2l8A',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/3400486c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'lL46g3XifCKUZn1Xfw', 'z767lhet6V2Skl',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20dfca59/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '-fLCxedkAk4LUTK2', 'O8kfRq1y1eyHGw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/b12cc44b/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'keLa5R2U00sR9SQK', 'N1OGyujjEwMnLw',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/3bb1f723/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'gK15nzVyaXE9RsMP3z', 'ZFFWFLPWx9DEgQ',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/2f1832d2/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'YWt1qdbe8SAfkoPHW5d', 'RrRjWQOJmBiP',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/9c6dfc4a/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'jbu7ylIosQHyJyJV', 'uwI0ESiynAmhNg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e7567ecf/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'Sy4aDGc0VpYRR9ew_', '5UPOT1VhoZxNLQ',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/d50f54ef/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'Ha7507LzRmH3Utygtj', 'XFTb2HoeOE5MHg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/074a8365/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'Ha7507LzRmH3Utygtj', 'ufTsrE0IVYrkl8v',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/643afba4/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'N5uAlLqm0eg1GyHO', 'dCBQOejdq5s-ww',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/69f581a5/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
-        '-qIP447rVlTTwaZjY', 'KNcGOksBAvwqQg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/643afba4/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
-        'ir9-V6cdbCiyKxhr', '2PL7ZDYAALMfmA',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/363db69b/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'eWYu5d5YeY_4LyEDc', 'XJQqf-N7Xra3gg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4fcd6e4a/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'o_L251jm8yhZkWtBW', 'lXoxI3XvToqn6A',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4fcd6e4a/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'o_L251jm8yhZkWtBW', 'lXoxI3XvToqn6A',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
-        'ir9-V6cdbCiyKxhr', '9YE85kNjZiS4',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js',
-        'ir9-V6cdbCiyKxhr', '9YE85kNjZiS4',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player-plasma-ias-tablet-en_US.vflset/base.js',
-        'ir9-V6cdbCiyKxhr', '9YE85kNjZiS4',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'MiBYeXx_vRREbiCCmh', 'RtZYMVvmkE0JE',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/tv-player-es6.vflset/tv-player-es6.js',
-        'MiBYeXx_vRREbiCCmh', 'RtZYMVvmkE0JE',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/59b252b9/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'D3XWVpYgwhLLKNK4AGX', 'aZrQ1qWJ5yv5h',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/fc2a56a5/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'qTKWg_Il804jd2kAC', 'OtUAm2W6gyzJjB9u',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/fc2a56a5/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
-        'qTKWg_Il804jd2kAC', 'OtUAm2W6gyzJjB9u',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/a74bf670/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', 'hQP7k1hA22OrNTnq',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/6275f73c/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '-I03XF0iyf6I_X0A',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20c72c18/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '-I03XF0iyf6I_X0A',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/9fe2e06e/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '6r5ekNIiEMPutZy',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/680f8c75/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '0ml9caTwpa55Jf',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/14397202/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', 'ozZFAN21okDdJTa',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5dcb2c1f/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', 'p7iTbRZDYAF',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/a10d7fcc/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '9Zue7DDHJSD',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8e20cb06/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '5-4tTneTROTpMzba',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e12fbea4/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', 'XkeRfXIPOkSwfg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/ef259203/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        'rPqBC01nJpqhhi2iA2U', 'hY7dbiKFT51UIA',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/010fbc8d/player_es5.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '0hlOAlqjFszVvF4Z', 'R-H23bZGAsRFTg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/010fbc8d/player_es6.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '0hlOAlqjFszVvF4Z', 'R-H23bZGAsRFTg',
-    ),
-    (
-        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5ec65609/player_ias_tcc.vflset/en_US/base.js',
-        '6l5CTNx4AzIqH4MXM', 'NupToduxHBew1g',
-    ),
-]
-
-
-@is_download_test
-class TestPlayerInfo(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_youtube_extract_player_info(self):
-        PLAYER_URLS = (
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4c3f79c5/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js', '4c3f79c5'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js', '64dddad9'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player_ias.vflset/fr_FR/base.js', '64dddad9'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js', '64dddad9'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player-plasma-ias-phone-de_DE.vflset/base.js', '64dddad9'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player-plasma-ias-tablet-en_US.vflset/base.js', '64dddad9'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e7567ecf/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js', 'e7567ecf'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/643afba4/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js', '643afba4'),
-            # obsolete
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/yts/jsbin/player_ias-vfle4-e03/en_US/base.js', 'vfle4-e03'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/yts/jsbin/player_ias-vfl49f_g4/en_US/base.js', 'vfl49f_g4'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/yts/jsbin/player_ias-vflCPQUIL/en_US/base.js', 'vflCPQUIL'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/yts/jsbin/player-vflzQZbt7/en_US/base.js', 'vflzQZbt7'),
-            ('https://www.youtube.com/yts/jsbin/player-en_US-vflaxXRn1/base.js', 'vflaxXRn1'),
-            ('https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflXGBaUN.js', 'vflXGBaUN'),
-            ('https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflKjOTVq/html5player.js', 'vflKjOTVq'),
-        )
-        for player_url, expected_player_id in PLAYER_URLS:
-            player_id = YoutubeIE._extract_player_info(player_url)
-            self.assertEqual(player_id, expected_player_id)
-
-
-@is_download_test
-class TestSignature(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
-        self.TESTDATA_DIR = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testdata/sigs')
-        if not os.path.exists(self.TESTDATA_DIR):
-            os.mkdir(self.TESTDATA_DIR)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        with contextlib.suppress(OSError):
-            for f in os.listdir(self.TESTDATA_DIR):
-                os.remove(f)
-
-
-def t_factory(name, sig_func, url_pattern):
-    def make_tfunc(url, sig_input, expected_sig):
-        m = url_pattern.match(url)
-        assert m, f'{url!r} should follow URL format'
-        test_id = re.sub(r'[/.-]', '_', m.group('id') or m.group('compat_id'))
-
-        def test_func(self):
-            basename = f'player-{test_id}.js'
-            fn = os.path.join(self.TESTDATA_DIR, basename)
-
-            if not os.path.exists(fn):
-                urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, fn)
-            with open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as testf:
-                jscode = testf.read()
-            self.assertEqual(sig_func(jscode, sig_input, url), expected_sig)
-
-        test_func.__name__ = f'test_{name}_js_{test_id}'
-        setattr(TestSignature, test_func.__name__, test_func)
-    return make_tfunc
-
-
-def signature(jscode, sig_input, player_url):
-    func = YoutubeIE(FakeYDL())._parse_sig_js(jscode, player_url)
-    src_sig = (
-        str(string.printable[:sig_input])
-        if isinstance(sig_input, int) else sig_input)
-    return func(src_sig)
-
-
-def n_sig(jscode, sig_input, player_url):
-    ie = YoutubeIE(FakeYDL())
-    funcname = ie._extract_n_function_name(jscode, player_url=player_url)
-    jsi = JSInterpreter(jscode)
-    func = jsi.extract_function_from_code(*ie._fixup_n_function_code(*jsi.extract_function_code(funcname), jscode, player_url))
-    return func([sig_input])
-
-
-make_sig_test = t_factory(
-    'signature', signature,
-    re.compile(r'''(?x)
-        .+(?:
-            /player/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_/.-]+)|
-            /html5player-(?:en_US-)?(?P<compat_id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)(?:/watch_as3|/html5player)?
-        )\.js$'''))
-for test_spec in _SIG_TESTS:
-    make_sig_test(*test_spec)
-
-make_nsig_test = t_factory(
-    'nsig', n_sig, re.compile(r'.+/player/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_/.-]+)\.js$'))
-for test_spec in _NSIG_TESTS:
-    make_nsig_test(*test_spec)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
--- a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@
    plugin_pps,
    all_plugins_loaded,
    plugin_dirs,
+    supported_js_runtimes,
+    supported_remote_components,
 )
 from .minicurses import format_text
 from .networking import HEADRequest, Request, RequestDirector
@@ -533,6 +535,18 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                       See "EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS" for details.
                       Argument values must always be a list of string(s).
                       E.g. {'youtube': {'skip': ['dash', 'hls']}}
+    js_runtimes:       A dictionary of JavaScript runtime keys (in lower case) to enable
+                       and a dictionary of additional configuration for the runtime.
+                       Currently supported runtimes are 'deno', 'node', 'bun', and 'quickjs'.
+                       If None, the default runtime of "deno" will be enabled.
+                       The runtime configuration dictionary can have the following keys:
+                        - path: Path to the executable (optional)
+                       E.g. {'deno': {'path': '/path/to/deno'}
+    remote_components: A list of remote components that are allowed to be fetched when required.
+                       Supported components:
+                       - ejs:npm (external JavaScript components from npm)
+                       - ejs:github (external JavaScript components from yt-dlp-ejs GitHub)
+                       By default, no remote components are allowed to be fetched.
    mark_watched:      Mark videos watched (even with --simulate). Only for YouTube

    The following options are deprecated and may be removed in the future:
@@ -717,6 +731,13 @@ def process_color_policy(stream):
                else:
                    raise

+        # Note: this must be after plugins are loaded
+        self.params['js_runtimes'] = self.params.get('js_runtimes', {'deno': {}})
+        self._clean_js_runtimes(self.params['js_runtimes'])
+
+        self.params['remote_components'] = set(self.params.get('remote_components', ()))
+        self._clean_remote_components(self.params['remote_components'])
+
        self.params['compat_opts'] = set(self.params.get('compat_opts', ()))
        self.params['http_headers'] = HTTPHeaderDict(std_headers, self.params.get('http_headers'))
        self._load_cookies(self.params['http_headers'].get('Cookie'))  # compat
@@ -829,6 +850,36 @@ def preload_download_archive(fn):

        self.archive = preload_download_archive(self.params.get('download_archive'))

+    def _clean_js_runtimes(self, runtimes):
+        if not (
+            isinstance(runtimes, dict)
+            and all(isinstance(k, str) and (v is None or isinstance(v, dict)) for k, v in runtimes.items())
+        ):
+            raise ValueError('Invalid js_runtimes format, expected a dict of {runtime: {config}}')
+
+        if unsupported_runtimes := runtimes.keys() - supported_js_runtimes.value.keys():
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Ignoring unsupported JavaScript runtime(s): {", ".join(unsupported_runtimes)}.'
+                f' Supported runtimes: {", ".join(supported_js_runtimes.value.keys())}.')
+            for rt in unsupported_runtimes:
+                runtimes.pop(rt)
+
+    def _clean_remote_components(self, remote_components: set):
+        if unsupported_remote_components := set(remote_components) - set(supported_remote_components.value):
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Ignoring unsupported remote component(s): {", ".join(unsupported_remote_components)}.'
+                f' Supported remote components: {", ".join(supported_remote_components.value)}.')
+            for rt in unsupported_remote_components:
+                remote_components.remove(rt)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _js_runtimes(self):
+        runtimes = {}
+        for name, config in self.params.get('js_runtimes', {}).items():
+            runtime_cls = supported_js_runtimes.value.get(name)
+            runtimes[name] = runtime_cls(path=config.get('path')) if runtime_cls else None
+        return runtimes
+
    def warn_if_short_id(self, argv):
        # short YouTube ID starting with dash?
        idxs = [
@@ -2007,7 +2058,7 @@ def __process_playlist(self, ie_result, download):
        else:
            entries = resolved_entries = list(entries)
            n_entries = len(resolved_entries)
-            ie_result['requested_entries'], ie_result['entries'] = tuple(zip(*resolved_entries)) or ([], [])
+            ie_result['requested_entries'], ie_result['entries'] = tuple(zip(*resolved_entries, strict=True)) or ([], [])
        if not ie_result.get('playlist_count'):
            # Better to do this after potentially exhausting entries
            ie_result['playlist_count'] = all_entries.get_full_count()
@@ -2785,7 +2836,7 @@ def sanitize_numeric_fields(info):

        dummy_chapter = {'end_time': 0, 'start_time': info_dict.get('duration')}
        for idx, (prev, current, next_) in enumerate(zip(
-                (dummy_chapter, *chapters), chapters, (*chapters[1:], dummy_chapter)), 1):
+                (dummy_chapter, *chapters), chapters, (*chapters[1:], dummy_chapter), strict=False), 1):
            if current.get('start_time') is None:
                current['start_time'] = prev.get('end_time')
            if not current.get('end_time'):
@@ -3370,7 +3421,7 @@ def _write_link_file(link_type):
                def existing_video_file(*filepaths):
                    ext = info_dict.get('ext')
                    converted = lambda file: replace_extension(file, self.params.get('final_ext') or ext, ext)
-                    file = self.existing_file(itertools.chain(*zip(map(converted, filepaths), filepaths)),
+                    file = self.existing_file(itertools.chain(*zip(map(converted, filepaths), filepaths, strict=True)),
                                              default_overwrite=False)
                    if file:
                        info_dict['ext'] = os.path.splitext(file)[1][1:]
@@ -3956,7 +4007,7 @@ def render_thumbnails_table(self, info_dict):

    def render_subtitles_table(self, video_id, subtitles):
        def _row(lang, formats):
-            exts, names = zip(*((f['ext'], f.get('name') or 'unknown') for f in reversed(formats)))
+            exts, names = zip(*((f['ext'], f.get('name') or 'unknown') for f in reversed(formats)), strict=True)
            if len(set(names)) == 1:
                names = [] if names[0] == 'unknown' else names[:1]
            return [lang, ', '.join(names), ', '.join(exts)]
@@ -4064,6 +4115,18 @@ def get_encoding(stream):
            join_nonempty(*get_package_info(m)) for m in available_dependencies.values()
        })) or 'none'))

+        if not self.params.get('js_runtimes'):
+            write_debug('JS runtimes: none (disabled)')
+        else:
+            write_debug('JS runtimes: %s' % (', '.join(sorted(
+                f'{name} (unknown)' if runtime is None
+                else join_nonempty(
+                    runtime.info.name,
+                    runtime.info.version + (' (unsupported)' if runtime.info.supported is False else ''),
+                )
+                for name, runtime in self._js_runtimes.items() if runtime is None or runtime.info is not None
+            )) or 'none'))
+
        write_debug(f'Proxy map: {self.proxies}')
        write_debug(f'Request Handlers: {", ".join(rh.RH_NAME for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values())}')

@@ -4112,8 +4175,7 @@ def cookiejar(self):
                self.params.get('cookiefile'), self.params.get('cookiesfrombrowser'), self)
        except CookieLoadError as error:
            cause = error.__context__
-            # compat: <=py3.9: `traceback.format_exception` has a different signature
-            self.report_error(str(cause), tb=''.join(traceback.format_exception(None, cause, cause.__traceback__)))
+            self.report_error(str(cause), tb=''.join(traceback.format_exception(cause)))
            raise

    @property
--- a/yt_dlp/init.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/init.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import sys

-if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
    raise ImportError(
-        f'You are using an unsupported version of Python. Only Python versions 3.9 and above are supported by yt-dlp')  # noqa: F541
+        f'You are using an unsupported version of Python. Only Python versions 3.10 and above are supported by yt-dlp')  # noqa: F541

 __license__ = 'The Unlicense'

@@ -61,8 +61,15 @@
    shell_quote,
    variadic,
    write_string,
+
 )
 from .utils._utils import _UnsafeExtensionError
+from .utils._jsruntime import (
+    BunJsRuntime as _BunJsRuntime,
+    DenoJsRuntime as _DenoJsRuntime,
+    NodeJsRuntime as _NodeJsRuntime,
+    QuickJsRuntime as _QuickJsRuntime,
+)
 from .YoutubeDL import YoutubeDL


@@ -773,6 +780,10 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
        else opts.audioformat if (opts.extractaudio and opts.audioformat in FFmpegExtractAudioPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)
        else None)

+    js_runtimes = {
+        runtime.lower(): {'path': path} for runtime, path in (
+            [*arg.split(':', 1), None][:2] for arg in opts.js_runtimes)}
+
    return ParsedOptions(parser, opts, urls, {
        'usenetrc': opts.usenetrc,
        'netrc_location': opts.netrc_location,
@@ -940,6 +951,8 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
        'geo_bypass_country': opts.geo_bypass_country,
        'geo_bypass_ip_block': opts.geo_bypass_ip_block,
        'useid': opts.useid or None,
+        'js_runtimes': js_runtimes,
+        'remote_components': opts.remote_components,
        'warn_when_outdated': opts.update_self is None,
        '_warnings': warnings,
        '_deprecation_warnings': deprecation_warnings,
@@ -974,13 +987,8 @@ def _real_main(argv=None):

        try:
            updater = Updater(ydl, opts.update_self)
-            if opts.update_self and updater.update() and actual_use:
-                if updater.cmd:
-                    return updater.restart()
-                # This code is reachable only for zip variant in py < 3.10
-                # It makes sense to exit here, but the old behavior is to continue
-                ydl.report_warning('Restart yt-dlp to use the updated version')
-                # return 100, 'ERROR: The program must exit for the update to complete'
+            if opts.update_self and updater.update() and actual_use and updater.cmd:
+                return updater.restart()
        except Exception:
            traceback.print_exc()
            ydl._download_retcode = 100
@@ -1086,6 +1094,16 @@ def main(argv=None):

 from .extractor import gen_extractors, list_extractors

+# Register JS runtimes and remote components
+from .globals import supported_js_runtimes, supported_remote_components
+supported_js_runtimes.value['deno'] = _DenoJsRuntime
+supported_js_runtimes.value['node'] = _NodeJsRuntime
+supported_js_runtimes.value['bun'] = _BunJsRuntime
+supported_js_runtimes.value['quickjs'] = _QuickJsRuntime
+
+supported_remote_components.value.append('ejs:github')
+supported_remote_components.value.append('ejs:npm')
+
 __all__ = [
    'YoutubeDL',
    'gen_extractors',
--- a/yt_dlp/__pyinstaller/hook-yt_dlp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/__pyinstaller/hook-yt_dlp.py
@@ -34,3 +34,4 @@ def get_hidden_imports():
 excludedimports = ['youtube_dl', 'youtube_dlc', 'test', 'ytdlp_plugins', 'devscripts', 'bundle']

 datas = collect_data_files('curl_cffi', includes=['cacert.pem'])
+datas += collect_data_files('yt_dlp_ejs', includes=['**/*.js'])
--- a/yt_dlp/aes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/aes.py
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ def key_schedule_core(data, rcon_iteration):


 def xor(data1, data2):
-    return [x ^ y for x, y in zip(data1, data2)]
+    return [x ^ y for x, y in zip(data1, data2, strict=False)]


 def iter_mix_columns(data, matrix):
--- a/yt_dlp/compat/types.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat/types.py
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# flake8: noqa: F405
-from types import *  # noqa: F403
-
-from .compat_utils import passthrough_module
-
-passthrough_module(__name__, 'types')
-del passthrough_module
-
-try:
-    # NB: pypy has builtin NoneType, so checking NameError won't work
-    from types import NoneType  # >= 3.10
-except ImportError:
-    NoneType = type(None)
--- a/yt_dlp/compat/urllib/request.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat/urllib/request.py
@@ -22,15 +22,11 @@

    def getproxies_registry_patched():
        proxies = getproxies_registry()
-        if (
-            sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 5)  # https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-5-final
-            or (3, 9, 13) <= sys.version_info < (3, 10)  # https://docs.python.org/3.9/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-13-final
-        ):
-            return proxies

-        for scheme in ('https', 'ftp'):
-            if scheme in proxies and proxies[scheme].startswith(f'{scheme}://'):
-                proxies[scheme] = 'http' + proxies[scheme][len(scheme):]
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 10, 5):  # https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-5-final
+            for scheme in ('https', 'ftp'):
+                if scheme in proxies and proxies[scheme].startswith(f'{scheme}://'):
+                    proxies[scheme] = 'http' + proxies[scheme][len(scheme):]

        return proxies

--- a/yt_dlp/cookies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def extract_cookies_from_browser(browser_name, profile=None, logger=YDLLogger(),


 def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
-    MAX_SUPPORTED_DB_SCHEMA_VERSION = 16
+    MAX_SUPPORTED_DB_SCHEMA_VERSION = 17

    logger.info('Extracting cookies from firefox')
    if not sqlite3:
@@ -166,6 +166,8 @@ def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
            db_schema_version = cursor.execute('PRAGMA user_version;').fetchone()[0]
            if db_schema_version > MAX_SUPPORTED_DB_SCHEMA_VERSION:
                logger.warning(f'Possibly unsupported firefox cookies database version: {db_schema_version}')
+            else:
+                logger.debug(f'Firefox cookies database version: {db_schema_version}')
            if isinstance(container_id, int):
                logger.debug(
                    f'Only loading cookies from firefox container "{container}", ID {container_id}')
@@ -557,7 +559,7 @@ def decrypt(self, encrypted_value):


 def _extract_safari_cookies(profile, logger):
-    if sys.platform != 'darwin':
+    if sys.platform not in ('darwin', 'ios'):
        raise ValueError(f'unsupported platform: {sys.platform}')

    if profile:
--- a/yt_dlp/dependencies/init.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/dependencies/init.py
@@ -81,6 +81,12 @@

 from . import Cryptodome

+try:
+    import yt_dlp_ejs
+except ImportError:
+    yt_dlp_ejs = None
+
+
 all_dependencies = {k: v for k, v in globals().items() if not k.startswith('_')}
 available_dependencies = {k: v for k, v in all_dependencies.items() if v}

--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
@@ -488,20 +488,6 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
        if not self.params.get('verbose'):
            args += ['-hide_banner']

-        args += traverse_obj(info_dict, ('downloader_options', 'ffmpeg_args', ...))
-
-        # These exists only for compatibility. Extractors should use
-        # info_dict['downloader_options']['ffmpeg_args'] instead
-        args += info_dict.get('_ffmpeg_args') or []
-        seekable = info_dict.get('_seekable')
-        if seekable is not None:
-            # setting -seekable prevents ffmpeg from guessing if the server
-            # supports seeking(by adding the header `Range: bytes=0-`), which
-            # can cause problems in some cases
-            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11800#issuecomment-275037127
-            # http://trac.ffmpeg.org/ticket/6125#comment:10
-            args += ['-seekable', '1' if seekable else '0']
-
        env = None
        proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
        if proxy:
@@ -521,39 +507,10 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
            env['HTTP_PROXY'] = proxy
            env['http_proxy'] = proxy

-        protocol = info_dict.get('protocol')
-
-        if protocol == 'rtmp':
-            player_url = info_dict.get('player_url')
-            page_url = info_dict.get('page_url')
-            app = info_dict.get('app')
-            play_path = info_dict.get('play_path')
-            tc_url = info_dict.get('tc_url')
-            flash_version = info_dict.get('flash_version')
-            live = info_dict.get('rtmp_live', False)
-            conn = info_dict.get('rtmp_conn')
-            if player_url is not None:
-                args += ['-rtmp_swfverify', player_url]
-            if page_url is not None:
-                args += ['-rtmp_pageurl', page_url]
-            if app is not None:
-                args += ['-rtmp_app', app]
-            if play_path is not None:
-                args += ['-rtmp_playpath', play_path]
-            if tc_url is not None:
-                args += ['-rtmp_tcurl', tc_url]
-            if flash_version is not None:
-                args += ['-rtmp_flashver', flash_version]
-            if live:
-                args += ['-rtmp_live', 'live']
-            if isinstance(conn, list):
-                for entry in conn:
-                    args += ['-rtmp_conn', entry]
-            elif isinstance(conn, str):
-                args += ['-rtmp_conn', conn]
-
        start_time, end_time = info_dict.get('section_start') or 0, info_dict.get('section_end')

+        fallback_input_args = traverse_obj(info_dict, ('downloader_options', 'ffmpeg_args', ...))
+
        selected_formats = info_dict.get('requested_formats') or [info_dict]
        for i, fmt in enumerate(selected_formats):
            is_http = re.match(r'https?://', fmt['url'])
@@ -572,6 +529,44 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
            if end_time:
                args += ['-t', str(end_time - start_time)]

+            protocol = fmt.get('protocol')
+
+            if protocol == 'rtmp':
+                player_url = fmt.get('player_url')
+                page_url = fmt.get('page_url')
+                app = fmt.get('app')
+                play_path = fmt.get('play_path')
+                tc_url = fmt.get('tc_url')
+                flash_version = fmt.get('flash_version')
+                live = fmt.get('rtmp_live', False)
+                conn = fmt.get('rtmp_conn')
+                if player_url is not None:
+                    args += ['-rtmp_swfverify', player_url]
+                if page_url is not None:
+                    args += ['-rtmp_pageurl', page_url]
+                if app is not None:
+                    args += ['-rtmp_app', app]
+                if play_path is not None:
+                    args += ['-rtmp_playpath', play_path]
+                if tc_url is not None:
+                    args += ['-rtmp_tcurl', tc_url]
+                if flash_version is not None:
+                    args += ['-rtmp_flashver', flash_version]
+                if live:
+                    args += ['-rtmp_live', 'live']
+                if isinstance(conn, list):
+                    for entry in conn:
+                        args += ['-rtmp_conn', entry]
+                elif isinstance(conn, str):
+                    args += ['-rtmp_conn', conn]
+
+            elif protocol == 'http_dash_segments' and info_dict.get('is_live'):
+                # ffmpeg may try to read past the latest available segments for
+                # live DASH streams unless we pass `-re`. In modern ffmpeg, this
+                # is an alias of `-readrate 1`, but `-readrate` was not added
+                # until ffmpeg 5.0, so we must stick to using `-re`
+                args += ['-re']
+
            url = fmt['url']
            if self.params.get('enable_file_urls') and url.startswith('file:'):
                # The default protocol_whitelist is 'file,crypto,data' when reading local m3u8 URLs,
@@ -586,6 +581,7 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
                #      https://trac.ffmpeg.org/ticket/2702
                url = re.sub(r'^file://(?:localhost)?/', 'file:' if os.name == 'nt' else 'file:/', url)

+            args += traverse_obj(fmt, ('downloader_options', 'ffmpeg_args', ...)) or fallback_input_args
            args += [*self._configuration_args((f'_i{i + 1}', '_i')), '-i', url]

        if not (start_time or end_time) or not self.params.get('force_keyframes_at_cuts'):
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@
 from .arcpublishing import ArcPublishingIE
 from .ard import (
    ARDIE,
+    ARDAudiothekIE,
+    ARDAudiothekPlaylistIE,
    ARDBetaMediathekIE,
    ARDMediathekCollectionIE,
 )
@@ -638,7 +640,10 @@
    FilmOnIE,
 )
 from .filmweb import FilmwebIE
-from .firsttv import FirstTVIE
+from .firsttv import (
+    FirstTVIE,
+    FirstTVLiveIE,
+)
 from .fivetv import FiveTVIE
 from .flextv import FlexTVIE
 from .flickr import FlickrIE
@@ -1195,6 +1200,7 @@
    MusicdexPlaylistIE,
    MusicdexSongIE,
 )
+from .mux import MuxIE
 from .mx3 import (
    Mx3IE,
    Mx3NeoIE,
@@ -1216,6 +1222,7 @@
    N1InfoAssetIE,
    N1InfoIIE,
 )
+from .nascar import NascarClassicsIE
 from .nate import (
    NateIE,
    NateProgramIE,
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
@@ -321,6 +321,8 @@ def tokenize_url(url, token):
                entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
            if formats:
                break
+        else:
+            formats = []

        subtitles = {}
        src_vtt = stream.get('captions', {}).get('src-vtt')
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py
@@ -1,47 +1,125 @@
+import time
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import ExtractorError, str_to_int
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    extract_attributes,
+    float_or_none,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
+    jwt_encode,
+    parse_resolution,
+    qualities,
+    unified_strdate,
+    update_url,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    find_element,
+    require,
+    traverse_obj,
+)


 class AppleConnectIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://itunes\.apple\.com/\w{0,2}/?post/(?:id)?sa\.(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'apple:music:connect'
+    IE_DESC = 'Apple Music Connect'
+
+    _BASE_URL = 'https://music.apple.com'
+    _QUALITIES = {
+        'provisionalUploadVideo': None,
+        'sdVideo': 480,
+        'sdVideoWithPlusAudio': 480,
+        'sd480pVideo': 480,
+        '720pHdVideo': 720,
+        '1080pHdVideo': 1080,
+    }
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://music\.apple\.com/[\w-]+/post/(?P<id>\d+)'
    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://itunes.apple.com/us/post/idsa.4ab17a39-2720-11e5-96c5-a5b38f6c42d3',
-        'md5': 'c1d41f72c8bcaf222e089434619316e4',
+        'url': 'https://music.apple.com/us/post/1018290019',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4ab17a39-2720-11e5-96c5-a5b38f6c42d3',
+            'id': '1018290019',
            'ext': 'm4v',
            'title': 'Energy',
-            'uploader': 'Drake',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 177.911,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.png',
            'upload_date': '20150710',
-            'timestamp': 1436545535,
+            'uploader': 'Drake',
        },
    }, {
-        'url': 'https://itunes.apple.com/us/post/sa.0fe0229f-2457-11e5-9f40-1bb645f2d5d9',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'https://music.apple.com/us/post/1016746627',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1016746627',
+            'ext': 'm4v',
+            'title': 'Body Shop (Madonna) - Chellous Lima (Acoustic Cover)',
+            'duration': 210.278,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.png',
+            'upload_date': '20150706',
+            'uploader': 'Chellous Lima',
+        },
    }]

+    _jwt = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _jwt_is_expired(token):
+        return jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp'] - time.time() < 120
+
+    def _get_token(self, webpage, video_id):
+        if self._jwt and not self._jwt_is_expired(self._jwt):
+            return self._jwt
+
+        js_url = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(tag='script', attr='crossorigin', value='', html=True)},
+            {extract_attributes}, 'src', {urljoin(self._BASE_URL)}, {require('JS URL')}))
+        js = self._download_webpage(
+            js_url, video_id, 'Downloading token JS', 'Unable to download token JS')
+
+        header = jwt_encode({}, '', headers={'alg': 'ES256', 'kid': 'WebPlayKid'}).split('.')[0]
+        self._jwt = self._search_regex(
+            fr'(["\'])(?P<jwt>{header}(?:\.[\w-]+){{2}})\1', js, 'JSON Web Token', group='jwt')
+        if self._jwt_is_expired(self._jwt):
+            raise ExtractorError('The fetched token is already expired')
+
+        return self._jwt
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)
        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)

-        try:
-            video_json = self._html_search_regex(
-                r'class="auc-video-data">(\{.*?\})', webpage, 'json')
-        except ExtractorError:
-            raise ExtractorError('This post doesn\'t contain a video', expected=True)
+        videos = self._download_json(
+            'https://amp-api.music.apple.com/v1/catalog/us/uploaded-videos',
+            video_id, headers={
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._get_token(webpage, video_id)}',
+                'Origin': self._BASE_URL,
+            }, query={'ids': video_id, 'l': 'en-US'})
+        attributes = traverse_obj(videos, (
+            'data', ..., 'attributes', any, {require('video information')}))

-        video_data = self._parse_json(video_json, video_id)
-        timestamp = str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(r'data-timestamp="(\d+)"', webpage, 'timestamp'))
-        like_count = str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(r'(\d+) Loves', webpage, 'like count', default=None))
+        formats = []
+        quality = qualities(list(self._QUALITIES.keys()))
+        for format_id, src_url in traverse_obj(attributes, (
+            'assetTokens', {dict.items}, lambda _, v: url_or_none(v[1]),
+        )):
+            formats.append({
+                'ext': 'm4v',
+                'format_id': format_id,
+                'height': self._QUALITIES.get(format_id),
+                'quality': quality(format_id),
+                'url': src_url,
+                **parse_resolution(update_url(src_url, query=None), lenient=True),
+            })

        return {
            'id': video_id,
-            'url': video_data['sslSrc'],
-            'title': video_data['title'],
-            'description': video_data['description'],
-            'uploader': video_data['artistName'],
-            'thumbnail': video_data['artworkUrl'],
-            'timestamp': timestamp,
-            'like_count': like_count,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta(
+                ['og:image', 'og:image:secure_url', 'twitter:image'], webpage),
+            **traverse_obj(attributes, {
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'duration': ('durationInMilliseconds', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                'upload_date': ('uploadDate', {unified_strdate}),
+                'uploader': (('artistName', 'uploadingArtistName'), {str}, any),
+                'webpage_url': ('postUrl', {url_or_none}),
+            }),
        }
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
@@ -5,12 +5,9 @@
 import urllib.parse

 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .youtube import YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor, YoutubeIE
-from ..networking import HEADRequest
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
+from .youtube import YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
    KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
-    ExtractorError,
    bug_reports_message,
    clean_html,
    dict_get,
@@ -21,18 +18,14 @@
    join_nonempty,
    js_to_json,
    merge_dicts,
-    mimetype2ext,
    orderedSet,
    parse_duration,
    parse_qs,
    str_or_none,
-    str_to_int,
    traverse_obj,
-    try_get,
    unified_strdate,
    unified_timestamp,
    url_or_none,
-    urlhandle_detect_ext,
 )


@@ -471,7 +464,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
            'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231407/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTx3G6h2xyA',
            'info_dict': {
                'id': 'lTx3G6h2xyA',
-                'ext': 'flv',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
                'title': 'Madeon - Pop Culture (live mashup)',
                'upload_date': '20110711',
                'uploader': 'Madeon',
@@ -578,7 +571,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
            'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110126141719/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_yjX80U7Yc',
            'info_dict': {
                'id': 'Q_yjX80U7Yc',
-                'ext': 'flv',
+                'ext': 'webm',
                'title': 'Spray Paint Art by Clay Butler: Purple Fantasy Forest',
                'uploader_id': 'claybutlermusic',
                'description': 'md5:4595264559e3d0a0ceb3f011f6334543',
@@ -680,6 +673,37 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                'upload_date': '20120407',
                'uploader_id': 'thecomputernerd01',
            },
+        }, {
+            # Contains split audio/video formats
+            'url': 'ytarchive:o_T_S_TU12M',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'o_T_S_TU12M',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Prairie Pulse 1218; Lin Enger, Paul Olson',
+                'description': 'md5:36e7a34cdc8508e35a920ec042e799c7',
+                'uploader': 'Prairie Public',
+                'channel_id': 'UC4BOzQel6tvJm7OEDd3vZlw',
+                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4BOzQel6tvJm7OEDd3vZlw',
+                'duration': 1606,
+                'upload_date': '20150213',
+            },
+        }, {
+            # Video unavailable through wayback-fakeurl
+            'url': 'ytarchive:SQCom7wjGDs',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'SQCom7wjGDs',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Jamin Warren from PBS Game/Show decides that Portal is a feminist Game [Top Hats and No Brain]',
+                'description': 'md5:c0cb876dd075483ead9afcc86798efb0',
+                'uploader': 'Top Hats and Champagne',
+                'uploader_id': 'sparrowtm',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/sparrowtm',
+                'channel_id': 'UCW3T5nG4iEkI7HjG-Du3HQA',
+                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCW3T5nG4iEkI7HjG-Du3HQA',
+                'duration': 1500,
+                'thumbnail': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160108040020if_/https://i.ytimg.com/vi/SQCom7wjGDs/maxresdefault.jpg',
+                'upload_date': '20160107',
+            },
        }, {
            'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH-G_aIBlFw',
            'only_matching': True,
@@ -724,6 +748,113 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
    _OLDEST_CAPTURE_DATE = 20050214000000
    _NEWEST_CAPTURE_DATE = 20500101000000

+    _FORMATS = {
+        '5': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 400, 'height': 240, 'acodec': 'mp3', 'vcodec': 'h263'},
+        '6': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 450, 'height': 270, 'acodec': 'mp3', 'vcodec': 'h263'},
+        '13': {'ext': '3gp', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
+        '17': {'ext': '3gp', 'width': 176, 'height': 144, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
+        '18': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '22': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 1280, 'height': 720, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '34': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '35': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        # itag 36 videos are either 320x180 (BaW_jenozKc) or 320x240 (__2ABJjxzNo), abr varies as well
+        '36': {'ext': '3gp', 'width': 320, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
+        '37': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 1920, 'height': 1080, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '38': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 4096, 'height': 3072, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '43': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '44': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '45': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 1280, 'height': 720, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '46': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 1920, 'height': 1080, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '59': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '78': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+
+
+        # 3D videos
+        '82': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
+        '83': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
+        '84': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
+        '85': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
+        '100': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
+        '101': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
+        '102': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
+
+        # Apple HTTP Live Streaming
+        '91': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '92': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '93': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '94': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '95': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '96': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '132': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '151': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 72, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+
+        # DASH mp4 video
+        '133': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '134': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '135': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '136': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '137': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '138': {'ext': 'mp4', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},  # Height can vary (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4559)
+        '160': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '212': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '264': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1440, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '298': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'fps': 60, 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '299': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'fps': 60, 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '266': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 2160, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'acodec': 'none'},
+
+        # Dash mp4 audio
+        '139': {'ext': 'm4a', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '140': {'ext': 'm4a', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '141': {'ext': 'm4a', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '256': {'ext': 'm4a', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '258': {'ext': 'm4a', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '325': {'ext': 'm4a', 'acodec': 'dtse', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '328': {'ext': 'm4a', 'acodec': 'ec-3', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+
+        # Dash webm
+        '167': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'width': 640, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '168': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '169': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'width': 1280, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '170': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'width': 1920, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '218': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '219': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '278': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 144, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '242': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 240, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '243': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '244': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '245': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '246': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '247': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '248': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '271': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1440, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        # itag 272 videos are either 3840x2160 (e.g. RtoitU2A-3E) or 7680x4320 (sLprVF6d7Ug)
+        '272': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '302': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60, 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '303': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60, 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '308': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1440, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60, 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '313': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '315': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60, 'acodec': 'none'},
+
+        # Dash webm audio
+        '171': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '172': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+
+        # Dash webm audio with opus inside
+        '249': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'opus', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '250': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'opus', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+        '251': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'opus', 'vcodec': 'none'},
+
+        # av01 video only formats sometimes served with "unknown" codecs
+        '394': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'vcodec': 'av01.0.00M.08', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '395': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'vcodec': 'av01.0.00M.08', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '396': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'vcodec': 'av01.0.01M.08', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '397': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'vcodec': 'av01.0.04M.08', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '398': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'vcodec': 'av01.0.05M.08', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '399': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'vcodec': 'av01.0.08M.08', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '400': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1440, 'vcodec': 'av01.0.12M.08', 'acodec': 'none'},
+        '401': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 2160, 'vcodec': 'av01.0.12M.08', 'acodec': 'none'},
+    }
+
    def _call_cdx_api(self, item_id, url, filters: list | None = None, collapse: list | None = None, query: dict | None = None, note=None, fatal=False):
        # CDX docs: https://github.com/internetarchive/wayback/blob/master/wayback-cdx-server/README.md
        query = {
@@ -740,7 +871,7 @@ def _call_cdx_api(self, item_id, url, filters: list | None = None, collapse: lis
            note or 'Downloading CDX API JSON', query=query, fatal=fatal)
        if isinstance(res, list) and len(res) >= 2:
            # format response to make it easier to use
-            return [dict(zip(res[0], v)) for v in res[1:]]
+            return [dict(zip(res[0], v)) for v in res[1:]]  # noqa: B905
        elif not isinstance(res, list) or len(res) != 0:
            self.report_warning('Error while parsing CDX API response' + bug_reports_message())

@@ -933,23 +1064,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id, url_date, url_date_2 = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'date', 'date2')
        url_date = url_date or url_date_2

-        urlh = None
-        retry_manager = self.RetryManager(fatal=False)
-        for retry in retry_manager:
-            try:
-                urlh = self._request_webpage(
-                    HEADRequest(f'https://web.archive.org/web/2oe_/http://wayback-fakeurl.archive.org/yt/{video_id}'),
-                    video_id, note='Fetching archived video file url', expected_status=True)
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                # HTTP Error 404 is expected if the video is not saved.
-                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 404:
-                    self.raise_no_formats(
-                        'The requested video is not archived, indexed, or there is an issue with web.archive.org (try again later)', expected=True)
-                else:
-                    retry.error = e
+        video_info = self._download_json(
+            'https://web.archive.org/__wb/videoinfo', video_id,
+            query={'vtype': 'youtube', 'vid': video_id})

-        if retry_manager.error:
-            self.raise_no_formats(retry_manager.error, expected=True, video_id=video_id)
+        if not traverse_obj(video_info, 'formats'):
+            self.raise_no_formats(
+                'The requested video is not archived or indexed', expected=True)

        capture_dates = self._get_capture_dates(video_id, int_or_none(url_date))
        self.write_debug('Captures to try: ' + join_nonempty(*capture_dates, delim=', '))
@@ -968,25 +1089,18 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):

        info['thumbnails'] = self._extract_thumbnails(video_id)

-        if urlh:
-            url = urllib.parse.unquote(urlh.url)
-            video_file_url_qs = parse_qs(url)
-            # Attempt to recover any ext & format info from playback url & response headers
-            fmt = {'url': url, 'filesize': int_or_none(urlh.headers.get('x-archive-orig-content-length'))}
-            itag = try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['itag'][0])
-            if itag and itag in YoutubeIE._formats:
-                fmt.update(YoutubeIE._formats[itag])
-                fmt.update({'format_id': itag})
-            else:
-                mime = try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['mime'][0])
-                ext = (mimetype2ext(mime)
-                       or urlhandle_detect_ext(urlh)
-                       or mimetype2ext(urlh.headers.get('x-archive-guessed-content-type')))
-                fmt.update({'ext': ext})
-            info['formats'] = [fmt]
-            if not info.get('duration'):
-                info['duration'] = str_to_int(try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['dur'][0]))
+        formats = []
+        for fmt in traverse_obj(video_info, ('formats', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))):
+            format_id = traverse_obj(fmt, ('url', {parse_qs}, 'itag', 0))
+            formats.append({
+                'format_id': format_id,
+                **self._FORMATS.get(format_id, {}),
+                **traverse_obj(fmt, {
+                    'url': ('url', {lambda x: f'https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/{x}'}),
+                    'ext': ('ext', {str}),
+                    'filesize': ('url', {parse_qs}, 'clen', 0, {int_or_none}),
+                }),
+            })
+        info['formats'] = formats

-        if not info.get('title'):
-            info['title'] = video_id
        return info
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import functools
+import json
 import re

 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -15,11 +16,12 @@
    remove_start,
    str_or_none,
    unified_strdate,
+    update_url,
    update_url_query,
    url_or_none,
    xpath_text,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj, value


 class ARDMediathekBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -601,3 +603,163 @@ def fetch_page(page_num):
        return self.playlist_result(
            OnDemandPagedList(fetch_page, self._PAGE_SIZE), full_id, display_id=display_id,
            title=page_data.get('title'), description=page_data.get('synopsis'))
+
+
+class ARDAudiothekBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    def _graphql_query(self, urn, query):
+        return self._download_json(
+            'https://api.ardaudiothek.de/graphql', urn,
+            data=json.dumps({
+                'query': query,
+                'variables': {'id': urn},
+            }).encode(), headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+            })['data']
+
+
+class ARDAudiothekIE(ARDAudiothekBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https:?//(?:www\.)?ardaudiothek\.de/episode/(?P<id>urn:ard:(?:episode|section|extra):[a-f0-9]{16})'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/urn:ard:episode:eabead1add170e93/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'urn:ard:episode:eabead1add170e93',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'upload_date': '20240717',
+            'duration': 3339,
+            'title': 'CAIMAN CLUB (S04E04): Cash Out',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://api.ardmediathek.de/image-service/images/urn:ard:image:ed64411a07a4b405',
+            'description': 'md5:0e5d127a3832ae59e8bab40a91a5dadc',
+            'display_id': 'urn:ard:episode:eabead1add170e93',
+            'timestamp': 1721181641,
+            'series': '1LIVE Caiman Club',
+            'channel': 'WDR',
+            'episode': 'Episode 4',
+            'episode_number': 4,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/urn:ard:section:855c7a53dac72e0a/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'urn:ard:section:855c7a53dac72e0a',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'upload_date': '20241231',
+            'duration': 3304,
+            'title': 'Illegaler DDR-Detektiv: Doberschütz und die letzte Staatsjagd (1/2) - Wendezeit',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://api.ardmediathek.de/image-service/images/urn:ard:image:b9b4f1e8b93da4dd',
+            'description': 'md5:3552d571e1959754cff66c1da6c0fdae',
+            'display_id': 'urn:ard:section:855c7a53dac72e0a',
+            'timestamp': 1735629900,
+            'series': 'Auf der Spur – Die ARD Ermittlerkrimis',
+            'channel': 'ARD',
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/urn:ard:extra:d2fe7303d2dcbf5d/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'urn:ard:extra:d2fe7303d2dcbf5d',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Trailer: Fanta Vier Forever, Baby!?!',
+            'description': 'md5:b64a586f2e976b8bb5ea0a79dbd8751c',
+            'channel': 'SWR',
+            'duration': 62,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://api.ardmediathek.de/image-service/images/urn:ard:image:48d3c255969be803',
+            'series': 'Fanta Vier Forever, Baby!?!',
+            'timestamp': 1732108217,
+            'upload_date': '20241120',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    _QUERY_ITEM = '''\
+    query($id: ID!) {
+        item(id: $id) {
+            audioList {
+                href
+                distributionType
+                audioBitrate
+                audioCodec
+            }
+            show {
+              title
+            }
+            image {
+              url1X1
+            }
+            programSet {
+              publicationService {
+                organizationName
+              }
+            }
+            description
+            title
+            duration
+            startDate
+            episodeNumber
+        }
+    }'''
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        urn = self._match_id(url)
+        item = self._graphql_query(urn, self._QUERY_ITEM)['item']
+        return {
+            'id': urn,
+            **traverse_obj(item, {
+                'formats': ('audioList', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['href']), {
+                    'url': 'href',
+                    'format_id': ('distributionType', {str}),
+                    'abr': ('audioBitrate', {int_or_none}),
+                    'acodec': ('audioCodec', {str}),
+                    'vcodec': {value('none')},
+                }),
+                'channel': ('programSet', 'publicationService', 'organizationName', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'series': ('show', 'title', {str}),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('image', 'url1X1', {url_or_none}, {update_url(query=None)}),
+                'timestamp': ('startDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+            }),
+        }
+
+
+class ARDAudiothekPlaylistIE(ARDAudiothekBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https:?//(?:www\.)?ardaudiothek\.de/sendung/(?P<playlist>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>urn:ard:show:[a-f0-9]{16})'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.ardaudiothek.de/sendung/mia-insomnia/urn:ard:show:c405aa26d9a4060a/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'display_id': 'mia-insomnia',
+            'title': 'Mia Insomnia',
+            'id': 'urn:ard:show:c405aa26d9a4060a',
+            'description': 'md5:d9ceb7a6b4d26a4db3316573bb564292',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 37,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.ardaudiothek.de/sendung/100-berlin/urn:ard:show:4d248e0806ce37bc/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    _QUERY_PLAYLIST = '''
+    query($id: ID!) {
+        show(id: $id) {
+            title
+            description
+            items(filter: { isPublished: { equalTo: true } }) {
+                nodes {
+                    url
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }'''
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        urn, playlist = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'playlist')
+        playlist_info = self._graphql_query(urn, self._QUERY_PLAYLIST)['show']
+        entries = []
+        for url in traverse_obj(playlist_info, ('items', 'nodes', ..., 'url', {url_or_none})):
+            entries.append(self.url_result(url, ie=ARDAudiothekIE))
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, urn, display_id=playlist, **traverse_obj(playlist_info, {
+            'title': ('title', {str}),
+            'description': ('description', {str}),
+        }))
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bunnycdn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bunnycdn.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@


 class BunnyCdnIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:iframe\.mediadelivery\.net|video\.bunnycdn\.com)/(?:embed|play)/(?P<library_id>\d+)/(?P<id>[\da-f-]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:iframe|player)\.mediadelivery\.net|video\.bunnycdn\.com)/(?:embed|play)/(?P<library_id>\d+)/(?P<id>[\da-f-]+)'
    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+src=[\'"](?P<url>{_VALID_URL}[^\'"]*)[\'"]']
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://iframe.mediadelivery.net/embed/113933/e73edec1-e381-4c8b-ae73-717a140e0924',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class BunnyCdnIE(InfoExtractor):
            'timestamp': 1691145748,
            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.b-cdn\.net/32e34c4b-0d72-437c-9abb-05e67657da34/thumbnail_9172dc16\.jpg',
            'duration': 106.0,
-            'description': 'md5:981a3e899a5c78352b21ed8b2f1efd81',
+            'description': 'md5:11452bcb31f379ee3eaf1234d3264e44',
            'upload_date': '20230804',
            'title': 'Sanela ist Teil der #arbeitsmarktkraft',
        },
@@ -58,6 +58,23 @@ class BunnyCdnIE(InfoExtractor):
            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.b-cdn\.net/2e8545ec-509d-4571-b855-4cf0235ccd75/thumbnail\.jpg',
        },
        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Requires any Referer
+        'url': 'https://iframe.mediadelivery.net/embed/289162/6372f5a3-68df-4ef7-a115-e1110186c477',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6372f5a3-68df-4ef7-a115-e1110186c477',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '12-Creating Small Asset Blockouts -Timelapse.mp4',
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 263.0,
+            'timestamp': 1724485440,
+            'upload_date': '20240824',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.b-cdn\.net/6372f5a3-68df-4ef7-a115-e1110186c477/thumbnail\.jpg',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.mediadelivery.net/embed/519128/875880a9-bcc2-4038-9e05-e5024bba9b70',
+        'only_matching': True,
    }]
    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
        # Stream requires Referer
@@ -100,7 +117,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id, library_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'library_id')
        webpage = self._download_webpage(
            f'https://iframe.mediadelivery.net/embed/{library_id}/{video_id}', video_id,
-            headers=traverse_obj(smuggled_data, {'Referer': 'Referer'}),
+            headers={'Referer': smuggled_data.get('Referer') or 'https://iframe.mediadelivery.net/'},
            query=traverse_obj(parse_qs(url), {'token': 'token', 'expires': 'expires'}))

        if html_title := self._html_extract_title(webpage, default=None) == '403':
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
@@ -1663,7 +1663,7 @@ def extract_chapter_information(e):
                'end_time': part.get('endOffset'),
            } for part in variadic(e.get('hasPart') or []) if part.get('@type') == 'Clip']
            for idx, (last_c, current_c, next_c) in enumerate(zip(
-                    [{'end_time': 0}, *chapters], chapters, chapters[1:])):
+                    [{'end_time': 0}, *chapters], chapters, chapters[1:], strict=False)):
                current_c['end_time'] = current_c['end_time'] or next_c['start_time']
                current_c['start_time'] = current_c['start_time'] or last_c['end_time']
                if None in current_c.values():
@@ -1848,7 +1848,7 @@ def _search_nuxt_data(self, webpage, video_id, context_name='__NUXT__', *, fatal
            return {}

        args = dict(zip(arg_keys.split(','), map(json.dumps, self._parse_json(
-            f'[{arg_vals}]', video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=fatal) or ())))
+            f'[{arg_vals}]', video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=fatal) or ()), strict=True))

        ret = self._parse_json(js, video_id, transform_source=functools.partial(js_to_json, vars=args), fatal=fatal)
        return traverse_obj(ret, traverse) or {}
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
    try_get,
    unified_timestamp,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj


 class DPlayBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -1053,7 +1054,7 @@ def _update_disco_api_headers(self, headers, disco_base, display_id, realm):


 class DiscoveryNetworksDeIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<domain>(?:tlc|dmax)\.de|dplay\.co\.uk)/(?:programme|show|sendungen)/(?P<programme>[^/]+)/(?:video/)?(?P<alternate_id>[^/]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<domain>(?:tlc|dmax)\.de)/(?:programme|show|sendungen)/(?P<programme>[^/?#]+)/(?:video/)?(?P<alternate_id>[^/?#]+)'

    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://dmax.de/sendungen/goldrausch-in-australien/german-gold',
@@ -1074,6 +1075,7 @@ class DiscoveryNetworksDeIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
            'creators': ['DMAX'],
            'thumbnail': 'https://eu1-prod-images.disco-api.com/2023/05/09/f72fb510-7992-3b12-af7f-f16a2c22d1e3.jpeg',
            'tags': ['schatzsucher', 'schatz', 'nugget', 'bodenschätze', 'down under', 'australien', 'goldrausch'],
+            'categories': ['Gold', 'Schatzsucher'],
        },
        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
    }, {
@@ -1100,20 +1102,96 @@ class DiscoveryNetworksDeIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
    }, {
        'url': 'https://www.dmax.de/programme/dmax-highlights/video/tuning-star-sidney-hoffmann-exklusiv-bei-dmax/191023082312316',
        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.dplay.co.uk/show/ghost-adventures/video/hotel-leger-103620/EHD_280313B',
-        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
        'url': 'https://tlc.de/sendungen/breaking-amish/die-welt-da-drauen/',
        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://dmax.de/sendungen/feuerwache-3-alarm-in-muenchen/24-stunden-auf-der-feuerwache-3',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '8873549',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '24 Stunden auf der Feuerwache 3',
+            'description': 'md5:f3084ef6170bfb79f9a6e0c030e09330',
+            'display_id': 'feuerwache-3-alarm-in-muenchen/24-stunden-auf-der-feuerwache-3',
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'series': 'Feuerwache 3 - Alarm in München',
+            'duration': 2632.0,
+            'upload_date': '20251016',
+            'timestamp': 1760645100,
+            'creators': ['DMAX'],
+            'thumbnail': 'https://eu1-prod-images.disco-api.com/2025/10/14/0bdee68c-a8d8-33d9-9204-16eb61108552.jpeg',
+            'tags': [],
+            'categories': ['DMAX Originals', 'Jobs', 'Blaulicht'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tlc.de/sendungen/ghost-adventures/der-poltergeist-im-kostumladen',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4550602',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Der Poltergeist im Kostümladen',
+            'description': 'md5:20b52b9736a0a3a7873d19a238fad7fc',
+            'display_id': 'ghost-adventures/der-poltergeist-im-kostumladen',
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'season': 'Season 25',
+            'season_number': 25,
+            'series': 'Ghost Adventures',
+            'duration': 2493.0,
+            'upload_date': '20241223',
+            'timestamp': 1734948900,
+            'creators': ['TLC'],
+            'thumbnail': 'https://eu1-prod-images.disco-api.com/2023/04/05/59941d26-a81b-365f-829f-69d8cd81fd0f.jpeg',
+            'tags': [],
+            'categories': ['Paranormal', 'Gruselig!'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tlc.de/sendungen/evil-gesichter-des-boesen/das-geheimnis-meines-bruders',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7792288',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Das Geheimnis meines Bruders',
+            'description': 'md5:3167550bb582eb9c92875c86a0a20882',
+            'display_id': 'evil-gesichter-des-boesen/das-geheimnis-meines-bruders',
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'series': 'Evil - Gesichter des Bösen',
+            'duration': 2626.0,
+            'upload_date': '20240926',
+            'timestamp': 1727388000,
+            'creators': ['TLC'],
+            'thumbnail': 'https://eu1-prod-images.disco-api.com/2024/11/29/e9f3e3ae-74ec-3631-81b7-fc7bbe844741.jpeg',
+            'tags': 'count:13',
+            'categories': ['True Crime', 'Mord'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
    }]

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        domain, programme, alternate_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        country = 'GB' if domain == 'dplay.co.uk' else 'DE'
-        realm = 'questuk' if country == 'GB' else domain.replace('.', '')
-        return self._get_disco_api_info(
-            url, f'{programme}/{alternate_id}', 'eu1-prod.disco-api.com', realm, country)
+        display_id = f'{programme}/{alternate_id}'
+        meta = self._download_json(
+            f'https://de-api.loma-cms.com/feloma/videos/{alternate_id}/',
+            display_id, query={
+                'environment': domain.split('.')[0],
+                'v': '2',
+                'filter[show.slug]': programme,
+            }, fatal=False)
+        video_id = traverse_obj(meta, ('uid', {str}, {lambda s: s[-7:]})) or display_id
+
+        disco_api_info = self._get_disco_api_info(
+            url, video_id, 'eu1-prod.disco-api.com', domain.replace('.', ''), 'DE')
+        disco_api_info['display_id'] = display_id
+        disco_api_info['categories'] = traverse_obj(meta, (
+            'taxonomies', lambda _, v: v['category'] == 'genre', 'title', {str.strip}, filter, all, filter))
+
+        return disco_api_info

    def _update_disco_api_headers(self, headers, disco_base, display_id, realm):
        headers.update({
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import json
-import socket

 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ def canonical_url(h):
            try:
                self.to_screen(f'{video_id}: Checking {format_id} video format URL')
                self._downloader._opener.open(video_url, timeout=5).close()
-            except socket.timeout:
+            except TimeoutError:
                self.to_screen(
                    f'{video_id}: {format_id} URL is invalid, skipping')
                continue
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
    unified_strdate,
    url_or_none,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj


 class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -129,3 +129,36 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
        return self.playlist_result(
            self._entries(items), display_id, self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None),
            thumbnail=self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None))
+
+
+class FirstTVLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = '1tv:live'
+    IE_DESC = 'Первый канал (прямой эфир)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?1tv\.ru/live'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/live',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'live',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:ПЕРВЫЙ КАНАЛ ПРЯМОЙ ЭФИР СМОТРЕТЬ ОНЛАЙН \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'livestream'},
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = 'live'
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id, fatal=False)
+
+        streams_list = self._download_json('https://stream.1tv.ru/api/playlist/1tvch-v1_as_array.json', display_id)
+        mpd_url = traverse_obj(streams_list, ('mpd', ..., {url_or_none}, any, {require('mpd url')}))
+        # FFmpeg needs to be passed -re to not seek past live window. This is handled by core
+        formats, _ = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, display_id, mpd_id='dash')
+
+        return {
+            'id': display_id,
+            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage),
+            'formats': formats,
+            'is_live': True,
+        }
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@
    OnDemandPagedList,
    clean_html,
    determine_ext,
+    float_or_none,
    format_field,
    int_or_none,
    join_nonempty,
-    parse_codecs,
    parse_iso8601,
    url_or_none,
    urljoin,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj


 class FloatplaneBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -50,37 +50,31 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
            media_id = media['id']
            media_typ = media.get('type') or 'video'

-            metadata = self._download_json(
-                f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/v3/content/{media_typ}', media_id, query={'id': media_id},
-                note=f'Downloading {media_typ} metadata', impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET)
-
            stream = self._download_json(
-                f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/v2/cdn/delivery', media_id, query={
-                    'type': 'vod' if media_typ == 'video' else 'aod',
-                    'guid': metadata['guid'],
-                }, note=f'Downloading {media_typ} stream data',
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/v3/delivery/info', media_id,
+                query={'scenario': 'onDemand', 'entityId': media_id},
+                note=f'Downloading {media_typ} stream data',
                impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET)

-            path_template = traverse_obj(stream, ('resource', 'uri', {str}))
+            metadata = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/v3/content/{media_typ}', media_id,
+                f'Downloading {media_typ} metadata', query={'id': media_id},
+                fatal=False, impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET)

-            def format_path(params):
-                path = path_template
-                for i, val in (params or {}).items():
-                    path = path.replace(f'{{qualityLevelParams.{i}}}', val)
-                return path
+            cdn_base_url = traverse_obj(stream, (
+                'groups', 0, 'origins', ..., 'url', {url_or_none}, any, {require('cdn base url')}))

            formats = []
-            for quality in traverse_obj(stream, ('resource', 'data', 'qualityLevels', ...)):
-                url = urljoin(stream['cdn'], format_path(traverse_obj(
-                    stream, ('resource', 'data', 'qualityLevelParams', quality['name'], {dict}))))
-                format_id = traverse_obj(quality, ('name', {str}))
+            for variant in traverse_obj(stream, ('groups', 0, 'variants', lambda _, v: v['url'])):
+                format_url = urljoin(cdn_base_url, variant['url'])
+                format_id = traverse_obj(variant, ('name', {str}))
                hls_aes = {}
                m3u8_data = None

                # If we need impersonation for the API, then we need it for HLS keys too: extract in advance
                if self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET is not None:
                    m3u8_data = self._download_webpage(
-                        url, media_id, fatal=False, impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET, headers=self._HEADERS,
+                        format_url, media_id, fatal=False, impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET, headers=self._HEADERS,
                        note=join_nonempty('Downloading', format_id, 'm3u8 information', delim=' '),
                        errnote=join_nonempty('Failed to download', format_id, 'm3u8 information', delim=' '))
                    if not m3u8_data:
@@ -98,14 +92,19 @@ def format_path(params):
                            hls_aes['key'] = urlh.read().hex()

                formats.append({
-                    **traverse_obj(quality, {
+                    **traverse_obj(variant, {
                        'format_note': ('label', {str}),
-                        'width': ('width', {int}),
-                        'height': ('height', {int}),
+                        'width': ('meta', 'video', 'width', {int_or_none}),
+                        'height': ('meta', 'video', 'height', {int_or_none}),
+                        'vcodec': ('meta', 'video', 'codec', {str}),
+                        'acodec': ('meta', 'audio', 'codec', {str}),
+                        'vbr': ('meta', 'video', 'bitrate', 'average', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                        'abr': ('meta', 'audio', 'bitrate', 'average', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                        'audio_channels': ('meta', 'audio', 'channelCount', {int_or_none}),
+                        'fps': ('meta', 'video', 'fps', {float_or_none}),
                    }),
-                    **parse_codecs(quality.get('codecs')),
-                    'url': url,
-                    'ext': determine_ext(url.partition('/chunk.m3u8')[0], 'mp4'),
+                    'url': format_url,
+                    'ext': determine_ext(format_url.partition('/chunk.m3u8')[0], 'mp4'),
                    'format_id': format_id,
                    'hls_media_playlist_data': m3u8_data,
                    'hls_aes': hls_aes or None,
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
            fmt, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(src['url'], video_id, 'ts')
            for f in fmt:
                f.update(dict(zip(('height', 'width'),
-                                  self._BITRATE_MAP.get(f.get('tbr'), ()))))
+                                  self._BITRATE_MAP.get(f.get('tbr'), ()), strict=False)))
            formats.extend(fmt)
            subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)

--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
 import re
-import urllib.parse

 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    bug_reports_message,
    determine_ext,
    extract_attributes,
+    filter_dict,
    get_element_by_class,
    get_element_html_by_id,
    int_or_none,
-    lowercase_escape,
-    parse_qs,
-    try_get,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    parse_duration,
+    str_or_none,
    update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj, value


 class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -38,8 +37,8 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
            'id': '0ByeS4oOUV-49Zzh4R1J6R09zazQ',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': 'Big Buck Bunny.mp4',
-            'duration': 45,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=0ByeS4oOUV-49Zzh4R1J6R09zazQ',
+            'duration': 45.069,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://lh3\.googleusercontent\.com/drive-storage/',
        },
    }, {
        # has itag 50 which is not in YoutubeIE._formats (royalty Free music from 1922)
@@ -49,8 +48,29 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
            'id': '1IP0o8dHcQrIHGgVyp0Ofvx2cGfLzyO1x',
            'ext': 'mp3',
            'title': 'My Buddy - Henry Burr - Gus Kahn - Walter Donaldson.mp3',
-            'duration': 184,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1IP0o8dHcQrIHGgVyp0Ofvx2cGfLzyO1x',
+            'duration': 184.68,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Has subtitle track
+        'url': 'https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RAGWRgzn85TXCaCk4gxnwF6TGUaZatzE/view',
+        'md5': '05488c528da6ef737ec8c962bfa9724e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1RAGWRgzn85TXCaCk4gxnwF6TGUaZatzE',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'test.mp4',
+            'duration': 9.999,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://lh3\.googleusercontent\.com/drive-storage/',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Has subtitle track with kind 'asr'
+        'url': 'https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Prvv9-mtDDfN_gkJgtt1OFvIULK8c3Ev/view',
+        'md5': 'ccae12d07f18b5988900b2c8b92801fc',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1Prvv9-mtDDfN_gkJgtt1OFvIULK8c3Ev',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'LEE NA GYUNG-3410-VOICE_MESSAGE.mp4',
+            'duration': 8.766,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://lh3\.googleusercontent\.com/drive-storage/',
        },
    }, {
        # video can't be watched anonymously due to view count limit reached,
@@ -71,17 +91,6 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
        'url': 'https://drive.usercontent.google.com/download?id=0ByeS4oOUV-49Zzh4R1J6R09zazQ',
        'only_matching': True,
    }]
-    _FORMATS_EXT = {
-        **{k: v['ext'] for k, v in YoutubeIE._formats.items() if v.get('ext')},
-        '50': 'm4a',
-    }
-    _BASE_URL_CAPTIONS = 'https://drive.google.com/timedtext'
-    _CAPTIONS_ENTRY_TAG = {
-        'subtitles': 'track',
-        'automatic_captions': 'target',
-    }
-    _caption_formats_ext = []
-    _captions_xml = None

    @classmethod
    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
@@ -91,129 +100,73 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
        if mobj:
            yield 'https://drive.google.com/file/d/{}'.format(mobj.group('id'))

-    def _download_subtitles_xml(self, video_id, subtitles_id, hl):
-        if self._captions_xml:
-            return
-        self._captions_xml = self._download_xml(
-            self._BASE_URL_CAPTIONS, video_id, query={
-                'id': video_id,
-                'vid': subtitles_id,
-                'hl': hl,
+    @staticmethod
+    def _construct_subtitle_url(base_url, video_id, language, fmt, kind):
+        return update_url_query(
+            base_url, filter_dict({
+                'hl': 'en-US',
                'v': video_id,
+                'type': 'track',
+                'lang': language,
+                'fmt': fmt,
+                'kind': kind,
+            }))
+
+    def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, video_info):
+        subtitles = {}
+        timed_text_base_url = traverse_obj(video_info, ('timedTextDetails', 'timedTextBaseUrl', {url_or_none}))
+        if not timed_text_base_url:
+            return subtitles
+        subtitle_data = self._download_xml(
+            timed_text_base_url, video_id, 'Downloading subtitles XML', fatal=False, query={
+                'hl': 'en-US',
                'type': 'list',
-                'tlangs': '1',
-                'fmts': '1',
-                'vssids': '1',
-            }, note='Downloading subtitles XML',
-            errnote='Unable to download subtitles XML', fatal=False)
-        if self._captions_xml:
-            for f in self._captions_xml.findall('format'):
-                if f.attrib.get('fmt_code') and not f.attrib.get('default'):
-                    self._caption_formats_ext.append(f.attrib['fmt_code'])
-
-    def _get_captions_by_type(self, video_id, subtitles_id, caption_type,
-                              origin_lang_code=None, origin_lang_name=None):
-        if not subtitles_id or not caption_type:
-            return
-        captions = {}
-        for caption_entry in self._captions_xml.findall(
-                self._CAPTIONS_ENTRY_TAG[caption_type]):
-            caption_lang_code = caption_entry.attrib.get('lang_code')
-            caption_name = caption_entry.attrib.get('name') or origin_lang_name
-            if not caption_lang_code or not caption_name:
-                self.report_warning(f'Missing necessary caption metadata. '
-                                    f'Need lang_code and name attributes. '
-                                    f'Found: {caption_entry.attrib}')
-                continue
-            caption_format_data = []
-            for caption_format in self._caption_formats_ext:
-                query = {
-                    'vid': subtitles_id,
-                    'v': video_id,
-                    'fmt': caption_format,
-                    'lang': (caption_lang_code if origin_lang_code is None
-                             else origin_lang_code),
-                    'type': 'track',
-                    'name': caption_name,
-                    'kind': '',
-                }
-                if origin_lang_code is not None:
-                    query.update({'tlang': caption_lang_code})
-                caption_format_data.append({
-                    'url': update_url_query(self._BASE_URL_CAPTIONS, query),
-                    'ext': caption_format,
-                })
-            captions[caption_lang_code] = caption_format_data
-        return captions
-
-    def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, subtitles_id, hl):
-        if not subtitles_id or not hl:
-            return
-        self._download_subtitles_xml(video_id, subtitles_id, hl)
-        if not self._captions_xml:
-            return
-        return self._get_captions_by_type(video_id, subtitles_id, 'subtitles')
-
-    def _get_automatic_captions(self, video_id, subtitles_id, hl):
-        if not subtitles_id or not hl:
-            return
-        self._download_subtitles_xml(video_id, subtitles_id, hl)
-        if not self._captions_xml:
-            return
-        track = next((t for t in self._captions_xml.findall('track') if t.attrib.get('cantran') == 'true'), None)
-        if track is None:
-            return
-        origin_lang_code = track.attrib.get('lang_code')
-        origin_lang_name = track.attrib.get('name')
-        if not origin_lang_code or not origin_lang_name:
-            return
-        return self._get_captions_by_type(
-            video_id, subtitles_id, 'automatic_captions', origin_lang_code, origin_lang_name)
+                'tlangs': 1,
+                'v': video_id,
+                'vssids': 1,
+            })
+        subtitle_formats = traverse_obj(subtitle_data, (lambda _, v: v.tag == 'format', {lambda x: x.get('fmt_code')}, {str}))
+        for track in traverse_obj(subtitle_data, (lambda _, v: v.tag == 'track' and v.get('lang_code'))):
+            language = track.get('lang_code')
+            subtitles.setdefault(language, []).extend([{
+                'url': self._construct_subtitle_url(
+                    timed_text_base_url, video_id, language, sub_fmt, track.get('kind')),
+                'name': track.get('lang_original'),
+                'ext': sub_fmt,
+            } for sub_fmt in subtitle_formats])
+        return subtitles

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_info = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._download_webpage(
-            'https://drive.google.com/get_video_info',
-            video_id, 'Downloading video webpage', query={'docid': video_id}))
-
-        def get_value(key):
-            return try_get(video_info, lambda x: x[key][0])
-
-        reason = get_value('reason')
-        title = get_value('title')
+        video_info = self._download_json(
+            f'https://content-workspacevideo-pa.googleapis.com/v1/drive/media/{video_id}/playback',
+            video_id, 'Downloading video webpage', query={'key': 'AIzaSyDVQw45DwoYh632gvsP5vPDqEKvb-Ywnb8'},
+            headers={'Referer': 'https://drive.google.com/'})

        formats = []
-        fmt_stream_map = (get_value('fmt_stream_map') or '').split(',')
-        fmt_list = (get_value('fmt_list') or '').split(',')
-        if fmt_stream_map and fmt_list:
-            resolutions = {}
-            for fmt in fmt_list:
-                mobj = re.search(
-                    r'^(?P<format_id>\d+)/(?P<width>\d+)[xX](?P<height>\d+)', fmt)
-                if mobj:
-                    resolutions[mobj.group('format_id')] = (
-                        int(mobj.group('width')), int(mobj.group('height')))
+        for fmt in traverse_obj(video_info, (
+                'mediaStreamingData', 'formatStreamingData', ('adaptiveTranscodes', 'progressiveTranscodes'),
+                lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))):
+            formats.append({
+                **traverse_obj(fmt, {
+                    'url': 'url',
+                    'format_id': ('itag', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+                }),
+                **traverse_obj(fmt, ('transcodeMetadata', {
+                    'ext': ('mimeType', {mimetype2ext}),
+                    'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                    'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                    'fps': ('videoFps', {int_or_none}),
+                    'filesize': ('contentLength', {int_or_none}),
+                    'vcodec': ((('videoCodecString', {str}), {value('none')}), any),
+                    'acodec': ((('audioCodecString', {str}), {value('none')}), any),
+                })),
+                'downloader_options': {
+                    'http_chunk_size': 10 << 20,
+                },
+            })

-            for fmt_stream in fmt_stream_map:
-                fmt_stream_split = fmt_stream.split('|')
-                if len(fmt_stream_split) < 2:
-                    continue
-                format_id, format_url = fmt_stream_split[:2]
-                ext = self._FORMATS_EXT.get(format_id)
-                if not ext:
-                    self.report_warning(f'Unknown format {format_id}{bug_reports_message()}')
-                f = {
-                    'url': lowercase_escape(format_url),
-                    'format_id': format_id,
-                    'ext': ext,
-                }
-                resolution = resolutions.get(format_id)
-                if resolution:
-                    f.update({
-                        'width': resolution[0],
-                        'height': resolution[1],
-                    })
-                formats.append(f)
+        title = traverse_obj(video_info, ('mediaMetadata', 'title', {str}))

        source_url = update_url_query(
            'https://drive.usercontent.google.com/download', {
@@ -264,30 +217,20 @@ def add_source_format(urlh):
                            or get_element_by_class('uc-error-caption', confirmation_webpage)
                            or 'unable to extract confirmation code')

-        if not formats and reason:
-            if title:
-                self.raise_no_formats(reason, expected=True)
-            else:
-                raise ExtractorError(reason, expected=True)
-
-        hl = get_value('hl')
-        subtitles_id = None
-        ttsurl = get_value('ttsurl')
-        if ttsurl:
-            # the subtitles ID is the vid param of the ttsurl query
-            subtitles_id = parse_qs(ttsurl).get('vid', [None])[-1]
-
-        self.cookiejar.clear(domain='.google.com', path='/', name='NID')
-
        return {
            'id': video_id,
            'title': title,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=' + video_id,
-            'duration': int_or_none(get_value('length_seconds')),
+            **traverse_obj(video_info, {
+                'duration': ('mediaMetadata', 'duration', {parse_duration}),
+                'thumbnails': ('thumbnails', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']), {
+                    'url': 'url',
+                    'ext': ('mimeType', {mimetype2ext}),
+                    'width': ('width', {int}),
+                    'height': ('height', {int}),
+                }),
+            }),
            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(video_id, subtitles_id, hl),
-            'automatic_captions': self.extract_automatic_captions(
-                video_id, subtitles_id, hl),
+            'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(video_id, video_info),
        }


--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@


 class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(www\.)?goplay\.be/video/([^/?#]+/[^/?#]+/|)(?P<id>[^/#]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'play.tv'
+    IE_DESC = 'PLAY (formerly goplay.be)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(www\.)?play\.tv/video/([^/?#]+/[^/?#]+/|)(?P<id>[^/#]+)'

    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'goplay'

    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.goplay.be/video/de-slimste-mens-ter-wereld/de-slimste-mens-ter-wereld-s22/de-slimste-mens-ter-wereld-s22-aflevering-1',
+        'url': 'https://www.play.tv/video/de-slimste-mens-ter-wereld/de-slimste-mens-ter-wereld-s22/de-slimste-mens-ter-wereld-s22-aflevering-1',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '2baa4560-87a0-421b-bffc-359914e3c387',
            'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
        'params': {'skip_download': True},
        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.goplay.be/video/1917',
+        'url': 'https://www.play.tv/video/1917',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '40cac41d-8d29-4ef5-aa11-75047b9f0907',
            'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
        'params': {'skip_download': True},
        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.goplay.be/video/de-mol/de-mol-s11/de-mol-s11-aflevering-1#autoplay',
+        'url': 'https://www.play.tv/video/de-mol/de-mol-s11/de-mol-s11-aflevering-1#autoplay',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': 'ecb79672-92b9-4cd9-a0d7-e2f0250681ee',
            'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                break

        api = self._download_json(
-            f'https://api.goplay.be/web/v1/videos/long-form/{video_id}',
+            f'https://api.play.tv/web/v1/videos/long-form/{video_id}',
            video_id, headers={
                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._id_token}',
                **self.geo_verification_headers(),
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/idagio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/idagio.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@


 class IdagioTrackIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com/recordings/\d+\?(?:[^#]+&)?trackId=(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com(?:/[a-z]{2})?/recordings/\d+\?(?:[^#]+&)?trackId=(?P<id>\d+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/recordings/30576934?trackId=30576943',
        'md5': '15148bd71804b2450a2508931a116b56',
@@ -29,12 +29,14 @@ class IdagioTrackIE(InfoExtractor):
            'title': 'I. Adagio sostenuto',
            'duration': 316,
            'composers': ['Ludwig van Beethoven'],
-            'artists': [],
            'genres': ['Keyboard', 'Sonata (Keyboard)'],
            'track': 'I. Adagio sostenuto',
            'timestamp': 1518076337,
            'upload_date': '20180208',
        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/de/recordings/20514467?trackId=20514478&utm_source=pcl',
+        'only_matching': True,
    }]

    def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):


 class IdagioRecordingIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com/recordings/(?P<id>\d+)(?![^#]*[&?]trackId=\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com(?:/[a-z]{2})?/recordings/(?P<id>\d+)(?![^#]*[&?]trackId=\d+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/recordings/30576934',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -112,6 +114,19 @@ class IdagioRecordingIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
            'upload_date': '20190405',
        },
        'playlist_count': 15,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/de/recordings/20514467',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '20514467',
+            'title': 'Sonata for Piano No. 14 in C sharp minor op. 27/2',
+            'composers': ['Ludwig van Beethoven'],
+            'genres': ['Keyboard', 'Sonata (Keyboard)'],
+            'timestamp': 1518076337,
+            'upload_date': '20180208',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1518076337,
+            'modified_date': '20180208',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 3,
    }]
    _API_URL_TMPL = 'https://api.idagio.com/v2.0/metadata/recordings/{}'

@@ -129,7 +144,7 @@ def _parse_playlist_metadata(self, playlist_info):


 class IdagioAlbumIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com/albums/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com(?:/[a-z]{2})?/albums/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/albums/elgar-enigma-variations-in-the-south-serenade-for-strings',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -137,7 +152,7 @@ class IdagioAlbumIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
            'display_id': 'elgar-enigma-variations-in-the-south-serenade-for-strings',
            'title': 'Elgar: Enigma Variations, In the South, Serenade for Strings',
            'description': '',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://idagio-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/albums/880040420521/main.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/albums/880040420521/main\.jpg',
            'artists': ['Vasily Petrenko', 'Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra', 'Edward Elgar'],
            'timestamp': 1553817600,
            'upload_date': '20190329',
@@ -146,19 +161,19 @@ class IdagioAlbumIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
        },
        'playlist_count': 19,
    }, {
-        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/albums/brahms-ein-deutsches-requiem-3B403DF6-62D7-4A42-807B-47173F3E0192',
+        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/de/albums/brahms-ein-deutsches-requiem-3B403DF6-62D7-4A42-807B-47173F3E0192',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '2862ad4e-4a61-45ad-9ce4-7fcf0c2626fe',
            'display_id': 'brahms-ein-deutsches-requiem-3B403DF6-62D7-4A42-807B-47173F3E0192',
            'title': 'Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem',
-            'description': '',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://idagio-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/albums/3149020954522/main.jpg',
-            'tags': ['recent-release'],
+            'description': 'GRAMOPHONE CLASSICAL MUSIC AWARDS 2025 Recording of the Year & Choral',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/albums/3149020954522/main\.jpg',
            'artists': ['Sabine Devieilhe', 'Stéphane Degout', 'Raphaël Pichon', 'Pygmalion', 'Johannes Brahms'],
            'timestamp': 1760054400,
            'upload_date': '20251010',
-            'modified_timestamp': 1760101611,
-            'modified_date': '20251010',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1760624868,
+            'modified_date': '20251016',
+            'tags': ['recommended', 'recent-release'],
        },
        'playlist_count': 7,
    }]
@@ -179,7 +194,7 @@ def _parse_playlist_metadata(self, playlist_info):


 class IdagioPlaylistIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com/playlists/(?!personal/)(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com(?:/[a-z]{2})?/playlists/(?!personal/)(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/playlists/beethoven-the-most-beautiful-piano-music',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -191,6 +206,17 @@ class IdagioPlaylistIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
            'creators': ['IDAGIO'],
        },
        'playlist_mincount': 16,  # one entry is geo-restricted
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/de/playlists/piano-music-for-an-autumn-day',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'd70e9c7f-7080-4308-ae0f-f890dddeda82',
+            'display_id': 'piano-music-for-an-autumn-day',
+            'title': 'Piano Music for an Autumn Day',
+            'description': 'Get ready to snuggle up and enjoy all the musical colours of this cosy, autumnal playlist.',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/playlists/d70e9c7f-7080-4308-ae0f-f890dddeda82/main\.jpg',
+            'creators': ['IDAGIO'],
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 35,
    }]
    _API_URL_TMPL = 'https://api.idagio.com/v2.0/playlists/{}'
    _PLAYLIST_ID_KEY = 'display_id'
@@ -206,7 +232,7 @@ def _parse_playlist_metadata(self, playlist_info):


 class IdagioPersonalPlaylistIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com/playlists/personal/(?P<id>[\da-f-]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?app\.idagio\.com(?:/[a-z]{2})?/playlists/personal/(?P<id>[\da-f-]+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/playlists/personal/99dad72e-7b3a-45a4-b216-867c08046ed8',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -220,6 +246,9 @@ class IdagioPersonalPlaylistIE(IdagioPlaylistBaseIE):
            'modified_date': '20250819',
        },
        'playlist_count': 100,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://app.idagio.com/de/playlists/personal/99dad72e-7b3a-45a4-b216-867c08046ed8',
+        'only_matching': True,
    }]
    _API_URL_TMPL = 'https://api.idagio.com/v1.0/personal-playlists/{}'

--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query)
            if path:
                splitted_path = path.split('/')
-                params.update(dict(zip(splitted_path[::2], [[v] for v in splitted_path[1::2]])))
+                params.update(dict(zip(splitted_path[::2], [[v] for v in splitted_path[1::2]])))  # noqa: B905
            if 'wid' in params:
                partner_id = remove_start(params['wid'][0], '_')
            elif 'p' in params:
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kika.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kika.py
@@ -17,57 +17,60 @@ class KikaIE(InfoExtractor):
    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']

    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.kika.de/logo/videos/logo-vom-samstag-einunddreissig-august-zweitausendvierundzwanzig-100',
-        'md5': 'fbfc8da483719ef06f396e5e5b938c69',
+        # Video without season/episode info
+        'url': 'https://www.kika.de/logo/videos/logo-vom-dienstag-achtundzwanzig-oktober-zweitausendfuenfundzwanzig-100',
+        'md5': '4a9f6e0f9c6bfcc82394c294f186d6db',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'logo-vom-samstag-einunddreissig-august-zweitausendvierundzwanzig-100',
+            'id': 'logo-vom-dienstag-achtundzwanzig-oktober-zweitausendfuenfundzwanzig-100',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20240831',
-            'timestamp': 1725126600,
-            'season_number': 2024,
-            'modified_date': '20240831',
-            'episode': 'Episode 476',
-            'episode_number': 476,
-            'season': 'Season 2024',
-            'duration': 634,
-            'title': 'logo! vom Samstag, 31. August 2024',
-            'modified_timestamp': 1725129983,
+            'title': 'logo! vom Dienstag, 28. Oktober 2025',
+            'description': 'md5:4d28b92cef423bec99740ffaa3e7ec04',
+            'duration': 651,
+            'timestamp': 1761678000,
+            'upload_date': '20251028',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1761682624,
+            'modified_date': '20251028',
        },
    }, {
+        # Video with season/episode info
+        # Also: Video with subtitles
        'url': 'https://www.kika.de/kaltstart/videos/video92498',
-        'md5': '710ece827e5055094afeb474beacb7aa',
+        'md5': 'e58073070acb195906c55c4ad31dceb3',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': 'video92498',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': '7. Wo ist Leo?',
            'description': 'md5:fb48396a5b75068bcac1df74f1524920',
            'duration': 436,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 7',
+            'episode_number': 7,
            'timestamp': 1702926876,
            'upload_date': '20231218',
-            'episode_number': 7,
-            'modified_date': '20240319',
            'modified_timestamp': 1710880610,
-            'episode': 'Episode 7',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'modified_date': '20240319',
+            'subtitles': 'count:1',
        },
    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.kika.de/bernd-das-brot/astrobrot/videos/video90088',
-        'md5': 'ffd1b700d7de0a6616a1d08544c77294',
+        # Video without subtitles
+        'url': 'https://www.kika.de/die-pfefferkoerner/videos/abgezogen-102',
+        'md5': '62e97961ce5343c19f0f330a1b6dd736',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'video90088',
+            'id': 'abgezogen-102',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20221102',
-            'timestamp': 1667390580,
-            'duration': 197,
-            'modified_timestamp': 1711093771,
-            'episode_number': 8,
-            'title': 'Es ist nicht leicht, ein Astrobrot zu sein',
-            'modified_date': '20240322',
-            'description': 'md5:d3641deaf1b5515a160788b2be4159a9',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'episode': 'Episode 8',
+            'title': '1. Abgezogen',
+            'description': 'md5:42d87963364391f9f8eba8affcb30bd2',
+            'duration': 1574,
            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1735382700,
+            'upload_date': '20241228',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1757344051,
+            'modified_date': '20250908',
+            'subtitles': 'count:0',
        },
    }]

@@ -78,16 +81,19 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_assets = self._download_json(doc['assets']['url'], video_id)

        subtitles = {}
-        if ttml_resource := url_or_none(video_assets.get('videoSubtitle')):
-            subtitles['de'] = [{
-                'url': ttml_resource,
-                'ext': 'ttml',
-            }]
-        if webvtt_resource := url_or_none(video_assets.get('webvttUrl')):
-            subtitles.setdefault('de', []).append({
-                'url': webvtt_resource,
-                'ext': 'vtt',
-            })
+        # Subtitle API endpoints may be present in the JSON even if there are no subtitles.
+        # They then return HTTP 200 with invalid data. So we must check explicitly.
+        if doc.get('hasSubtitle'):
+            if ttml_resource := url_or_none(video_assets.get('videoSubtitle')):
+                subtitles['de'] = [{
+                    'url': ttml_resource,
+                    'ext': 'ttml',
+                }]
+            if webvtt_resource := url_or_none(video_assets.get('webvttUrl')):
+                subtitles.setdefault('de', []).append({
+                    'url': webvtt_resource,
+                    'ext': 'vtt',
+                })

        return {
            'id': video_id,
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import itertools
 import re
 import urllib.parse

@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
    def _fix_subtitles(self, subs):
        srt = ''
        seq_counter = 0
-        for seq_current, seq_next in zip(subs, subs[1:]):
+        for seq_current, seq_next in itertools.pairwise(subs):
            m_current = re.match(self._TIMECODE_REGEX, seq_current['Timecode'])
            if m_current is None:
                continue
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mojevideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mojevideo.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
            contains_pattern=r'\[(?s:.+)\]', transform_source=js_to_json)

        formats = []
-        for video_hash, (suffix, quality, format_note) in zip(video_hashes, [
+        for video_hash, (suffix, quality, format_note) in zip(video_hashes, [  # noqa: B905
            ('', 1, 'normálna kvalita'),
            ('_lq', 0, 'nízka kvalita'),
            ('_hd', 2, 'HD-720p'),
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mux.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import re
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    extract_attributes,
+    filter_dict,
+    parse_qs,
+    smuggle_url,
+    unsmuggle_url,
+    update_url_query,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class MuxIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:stream\.new/v|player\.mux\.com)/(?P<id>[A-Za-z0-9-]+)'
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:stream\.new/v|player\.mux\.com)/(?P<id>[A-Za-z0-9-]+)[^"\']+)']
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://stream.new/v/OCtRWZiZqKvLbnZ32WSEYiGNvHdAmB01j/embed',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'OCtRWZiZqKvLbnZ32WSEYiGNvHdAmB01j',
+            'title': 'OCtRWZiZqKvLbnZ32WSEYiGNvHdAmB01j',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.mux.com/OCtRWZiZqKvLbnZ32WSEYiGNvHdAmB01j',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'OCtRWZiZqKvLbnZ32WSEYiGNvHdAmB01j',
+            'title': 'OCtRWZiZqKvLbnZ32WSEYiGNvHdAmB01j',
+        },
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # iframe embed
+        'url': 'https://www.redbrickai.com/blog/2025-07-14-FAST-brush',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'cXhzAiW1AmsHY01eRbEYFcTEAn0102aGN8sbt8JprP6Dfw',
+            'title': 'cXhzAiW1AmsHY01eRbEYFcTEAn0102aGN8sbt8JprP6Dfw',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # mux-player embed
+        'url': 'https://muxvideo.2coders.com/download/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'JBuasdg35Hw7tYmTe9k68QLPQKixL300YsWHDz5Flit8',
+            'title': 'JBuasdg35Hw7tYmTe9k68QLPQKixL300YsWHDz5Flit8',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # mux-player with title metadata
+        'url': 'https://datastar-todomvc.cross.stream/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'KX01ZSZ8CXv5SVfVwMZKJTcuBcUQmo1ReS9U5JjoHm4k',
+            'title': 'TodoMVC with Datastar Tutorial',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
+        yield from super()._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage)
+        for mux_player in re.findall(r'<mux-(?:player|video)\b[^>]*\bplayback-id=[^>]+>', webpage):
+            attrs = extract_attributes(mux_player)
+            playback_id = attrs.get('playback-id')
+            if not playback_id:
+                continue
+            token = attrs.get('playback-token') or traverse_obj(playback_id, ({parse_qs}, 'token', -1))
+            playback_id = playback_id.partition('?')[0]
+
+            embed_url = update_url_query(
+                f'https://player.mux.com/{playback_id}',
+                filter_dict({'playback-token': token}))
+            if title := attrs.get('metadata-video-title'):
+                embed_url = smuggle_url(embed_url, {'title': title})
+            yield embed_url
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        token = traverse_obj(parse_qs(url), ('playback-token', -1))
+
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            f'https://stream.mux.com/{video_id}.m3u8', video_id, 'mp4',
+            query=filter_dict({'token': token}))
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': smuggled_data.get('title') or video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+        }
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nascar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nascar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    float_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class NascarClassicsIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?classics\.nascar\.com/video/(?P<id>[\w~-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://classics.nascar.com/video/Ka5qGuxzZ~SIvJii7uAC~wszPshklHN',
+        'md5': '81d712eccffa7169c328281b8cc28f77',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'Ka5qGuxzZ~SIvJii7uAC~wszPshklHN',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Cook Out 400 2023',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://va.aws.nascar.com/IMAGES/CUP_2023_22_RICHMOND_THUMB_NCD.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1690732800,
+            'upload_date': '20230730',
+            'tags': ['2023', 'race #22', 'richmond', 'chris buescher', 'cup'],
+            'chapters': 'count:18',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://classics.nascar.com/video/UASvPDOwEha~SIvJii7uAC~wszPshklHN',
+        'md5': 'a5e8d6ec6005da3857d25ba2df5e7133',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UASvPDOwEha~SIvJii7uAC~wszPshklHN',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'I Love New York 355 at the Glen 2017',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://va.aws.nascar.com/IMAGES/CUP_2017_22_WATKINSGLEN_THUMB_NCD.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1501995600,
+            'upload_date': '20170806',
+            'tags': ['watkins glen', 'race #22', '2017', 'martin truex jr.', 'cup'],
+            'chapters': 'count:13',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        content_data = self._search_nextjs_data(
+            webpage, video_id)['props']['pageProps']['contentData']
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(content_data['input']['src'], video_id, 'mp4'),
+            **traverse_obj(content_data, {
+                'title': ('input', 'name', {str}),
+                'description': ('input', 'description', {str}, filter),
+                'thumbnail': ('input', 'thumbnail', {url_or_none}),
+                'tags': ('input', 'settings', 'tags', ..., {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('input', 'start_time', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'chapters': ('overlay', 'data', 'timelines', 0, 'events', lambda _, v: float(v['timestamp']) is not None, {
+                    'start_time': ('timestamp', {float_or_none}),
+                    'title': ('name', {str}),
+                }),
+            }),
+        }
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def _extract_nbcu_formats_and_subtitles(self, tp_path, video_id, query):
        # formats='mpeg4' will return either a working m3u8 URL or an m3u8 template for non-DRM HLS
        # formats='m3u+none,mpeg4' may return DRM HLS but w/the "folders" needed for non-DRM template
        query['formats'] = 'm3u+none,mpeg4'
-        m3u8_url = self._download_nbcu_smil_and_extract_m3u8_url(tp_path, video_id, query)
+        orig_m3u8_url = m3u8_url = self._download_nbcu_smil_and_extract_m3u8_url(tp_path, video_id, query)

        if mobj := re.fullmatch(self._M3U8_RE, m3u8_url):
            query['formats'] = 'mpeg4'
@@ -76,7 +76,17 @@ def _extract_nbcu_formats_and_subtitles(self, tp_path, video_id, query):
        if '/mpeg_cenc' in m3u8_url or '/mpeg_cbcs' in m3u8_url:
            self.report_drm(video_id)

-        return self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+
+        if not formats and m3u8_url != orig_m3u8_url:
+            orig_fmts, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                orig_m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+            formats = [f for f in orig_fmts if not f.get('has_drm')]
+            if orig_fmts and not formats:
+                self.report_drm(video_id)
+
+        return formats, subtitles

    def _extract_nbcu_video(self, url, display_id, old_ie_key=None):
        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                'start_time': s,
                'end_time': e,
                'title': t,
-            } for s, e, t in zip(start_time, end_time, chapter_titles)]
+            } for s, e, t in zip(start_time, end_time, chapter_titles, strict=True)]

        return {
            'id': video_id,
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
@@ -1,17 +1,40 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
    int_or_none,
-    strip_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
    unescapeHTML,
+    url_or_none,
    xpath_text,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj


 class NTVRuIE(InfoExtractor):
    IE_NAME = 'ntv.ru'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?ntv\.ru/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?ntv\.ru/(?:[^/#?]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'

    _TESTS = [{
+        # JSON Api is geo restricted
+        'url': 'https://www.ntv.ru/peredacha/svoya_igra/m58980/o818800',
+        'md5': '818962a1b52747d446db7cd5be43e142',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2520563',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Участники: Ирина Петрова, Сергей Коновалов, Кристина Кораблина',
+            'description': 'md5:fcbd21cd45238a940b95550f9e178e3e',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg',
+            'duration': 2462,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'tags': ['игры и игрушки'],
+            'timestamp': 1761821096,
+            'upload_date': '20251030',
+            'release_timestamp': 1761821096,
+            'release_date': '20251030',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1761821096,
+            'modified_date': '20251030',
+        },
+    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/863142/',
        'md5': 'ba7ea172a91cb83eb734cad18c10e723',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -22,31 +45,35 @@ class NTVRuIE(InfoExtractor):
            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg',
            'duration': 136,
            'view_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'tags': ['ВМС', 'захват', 'митинги', 'Севастополь', 'Украина'],
+            'timestamp': 1395222013,
+            'upload_date': '20140319',
+            'release_timestamp': 1395222013,
+            'release_date': '20140319',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1395222013,
+            'modified_date': '20140319',
        },
    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.ntv.ru/video/novosti/750370/',
-        'md5': 'adecff79691b4d71e25220a191477124',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '750370',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Родные пассажиров пропавшего Boeing не верят в трагический исход',
-            'description': 'Родные пассажиров пропавшего Boeing не верят в трагический исход',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg',
-            'duration': 172,
-            'view_count': int,
-        },
-        'skip': '404 Not Found',
-    }, {
+        # Requires unescapeHTML
        'url': 'http://www.ntv.ru/peredacha/segodnya/m23700/o232416',
        'md5': '82dbd49b38e3af1d00df16acbeab260c',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '747480',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '«Сегодня». 21 марта 2014 года. 16:00',
-            'description': '«Сегодня». 21 марта 2014 года. 16:00',
+            'title': '"Сегодня". 21 марта 2014 года. 16:00 ',
+            'description': 'md5:bed80745ca72af557433195f51a02785',
            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg',
            'duration': 1496,
            'view_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'tags': ['Брюссель', 'гражданство', 'ЕС', 'Крым', 'ОСАГО', 'саммит', 'санкции', 'события', 'чиновники', 'рейтинг'],
+            'timestamp': 1395406951,
+            'upload_date': '20140321',
+            'release_timestamp': 1395406951,
+            'release_date': '20140321',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1395406951,
+            'modified_date': '20140321',
        },
    }, {
        'url': 'https://www.ntv.ru/kino/Koma_film/m70281/o336036/video/',
@@ -54,11 +81,19 @@ class NTVRuIE(InfoExtractor):
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '1126480',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Остросюжетный фильм «Кома»',
-            'description': 'Остросюжетный фильм «Кома»',
+            'title': 'Остросюжетный фильм "Кома"',
+            'description': 'md5:e79ffd0887425a0f05a58885c408d7d8',
            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg',
-            'duration': 5592,
+            'duration': 5608,
            'view_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'tags': ['кино'],
+            'timestamp': 1432868572,
+            'upload_date': '20150529',
+            'release_timestamp': 1432868572,
+            'release_date': '20150529',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1432868572,
+            'modified_date': '20150529',
        },
    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.ntv.ru/serial/Delo_vrachey/m31760/o233916/',
@@ -66,11 +101,19 @@ class NTVRuIE(InfoExtractor):
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '751482',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '«Дело врачей»: «Деревце жизни»',
-            'description': '«Дело врачей»: «Деревце жизни»',
+            'title': '"Дело врачей": "Деревце жизни"',
+            'description': 'md5:d6fbf9193f880f50d9cbfbcc954161c1',
            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg',
            'duration': 2590,
            'view_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'tags': ['врачи', 'больницы'],
+            'timestamp': 1395882300,
+            'upload_date': '20140327',
+            'release_timestamp': 1395882300,
+            'release_date': '20140327',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1395882300,
+            'modified_date': '20140327',
        },
    }, {
        # Schemeless file URL
@@ -78,48 +121,26 @@ class NTVRuIE(InfoExtractor):
        'only_matching': True,
    }]

-    _VIDEO_ID_REGEXES = [
-        r'<meta property="og:url" content="https?://www\.ntv\.ru/video/(\d+)',
-        r'<meta property="og:video:(?:url|iframe)" content="https?://www\.ntv\.ru/embed/(\d+)',
-        r'<video embed=[^>]+><id>(\d+)</id>',
-        r'<video restriction[^>]+><key>(\d+)</key>',
-    ]
-
    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)

-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        video_url = self._og_search_property(
-            ('video', 'video:iframe'), webpage, default=None)
-        if video_url:
-            video_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'https?://(?:www\.)?ntv\.ru/video/(?:embed/)?(\d+)',
-                video_url, 'video id', default=None)
-
-        if not video_id:
-            video_id = self._html_search_regex(
-                self._VIDEO_ID_REGEXES, webpage, 'video id')
+        video_id = self._html_search_regex(
+            r'<meta property="ya:ovs:feed_url" content="https?://www\.ntv\.ru/(?:exp/)?video/(\d+)', webpage, 'video id')

        player = self._download_xml(
            f'http://www.ntv.ru/vi{video_id}/',
            video_id, 'Downloading video XML')

-        title = strip_or_none(unescapeHTML(xpath_text(player, './data/title', 'title', fatal=True)))
-
        video = player.find('./data/video')

        formats = []
        for format_id in ['', 'hi', 'webm']:
-            file_ = xpath_text(video, f'./{format_id}file')
-            if not file_:
+            video_url = url_or_none(xpath_text(video, f'./{format_id}file'))
+            if not video_url:
                continue
-            if file_.startswith('//'):
-                file_ = self._proto_relative_url(file_)
-            elif not file_.startswith('http'):
-                file_ = 'http://media.ntv.ru/vod/' + file_
            formats.append({
-                'url': file_,
+                'url': video_url,
                'filesize': int_or_none(xpath_text(video, f'./{format_id}size')),
            })
        hls_manifest = xpath_text(video, './playback/hls')
@@ -131,12 +152,28 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
            formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                dash_manifest, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))

+        metadata = self._download_xml(
+            f'https://www.ntv.ru/exp/video/{video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading XML metadata', fatal=False)
+
        return {
-            'id': xpath_text(video, './id'),
-            'title': title,
-            'description': strip_or_none(unescapeHTML(xpath_text(player, './data/description'))),
-            'thumbnail': xpath_text(video, './splash'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(xpath_text(video, './totaltime')),
-            'view_count': int_or_none(xpath_text(video, './views')),
+            'id': video_id,
            'formats': formats,
+            **traverse_obj(player, {
+                'title': ('data/title/text()', ..., {str}, {unescapeHTML}, any),
+                'description': ('data/description/text()', ..., {str}, {unescapeHTML}, any),
+                'duration': ('data/video/totaltime/text()', ..., {int_or_none}, any),
+                'view_count': ('data/video/views/text()', ..., {int_or_none}, any),
+                'thumbnail': ('data/video/splash/text()', ..., {url_or_none}, any),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, {
+                'title': ('{*}title/text()', ..., {str}, {unescapeHTML}, any),
+                'description': ('{*}description/text()', ..., {str}, {unescapeHTML}, any),
+                'duration': ('{*}duration/text()', ..., {int_or_none}, any),
+                'timestamp': ('{*}create_date/text()', ..., {parse_iso8601}, any),
+                'release_timestamp': ('{*}upload_date/text()', ..., {parse_iso8601}, any),
+                'modified_timestamp': ('{*}modify_date/text()', ..., {parse_iso8601}, any),
+                'tags': ('{*}tag/text()', ..., {str}, {lambda x: x.split(',')}, ..., {str.strip}, filter),
+                'view_count': ('{*}stats/views_total/text()', ..., {int_or_none}, any),
+                'comment_count': ('{*}stats/comments/text()', ..., {int_or_none}, any),
+            }),
        }
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
    )

    IE_NAME = 'pbs'
-    IE_DESC = 'Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and member stations: {}'.format(', '.join(list(zip(*_STATIONS))[1]))
+    IE_DESC = 'Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and member stations: {}'.format(', '.join(list(zip(*_STATIONS, strict=True))[1]))

    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://
        (?:
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
              (?:[^/?#]+/){{1,5}}(?P<presumptive_id>[^/?#]+?)(?:\.html)?/?(?:$|[?#])
            )
        )
-    '''.format('|'.join(next(zip(*_STATIONS))))
+    '''.format('|'.join(next(zip(*_STATIONS, strict=True))))

    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']

--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ def _entries(self, url, page, category_id):
                tab_content = self._download_json(
                    'https://www.polskieradio.pl/CMS/TemplateBoxesManagement/TemplateBoxTabContent.aspx/GetTabContent',
                    category_id, f'Downloading page {page_num}', headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
-                    data=json.dumps(dict(zip((
+                    data=json.dumps(dict(zip((  # noqa: B905
                        'boxInstanceId', 'tabId', 'categoryType', 'sectionId', 'categoryId', 'pagerMode',
                        'subjectIds', 'tagIndexId', 'queryString', 'name', 'openArticlesInParentTemplate',
                        'idSectionFromUrl', 'maxDocumentAge', 'showCategoryForArticle', 'pageNumber',
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
        # Sorted by "confidence", higher confidence = earlier in list
        confidences = traverse_obj(metadata, ('tags', ..., 'confidence', ({int}, {float})))
        if confidences:
-            tags = [tag for _, tag in sorted(zip(confidences, tags), reverse=True)]
+            tags = [tag for _, tag in sorted(zip(confidences, tags), reverse=True)]  # noqa: B905

        formats = traverse_obj(video_info, ('variants', ..., {
            'format_id': ('name', {str}),
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def _get_next_app_info(self):
            }
            self._APP_INFO_POOL = [
                {**defaults, **dict(
-                    (k, v) for k, v in zip(self._APP_INFO_DEFAULTS, app_info.split('/')) if v
+                    (k, v) for k, v in zip(self._APP_INFO_DEFAULTS, app_info.split('/'), strict=False) if v
                )} for app_info in self._KNOWN_APP_INFO
            ]

--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py
@@ -136,8 +136,10 @@ class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
    IE_DESC = 'tube.tugraz.at'

    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-        https?://tube\.tugraz\.at/paella/ui/watch.html\?id=
-        (?P<id>[0-9a-fA-F]{8}-(?:[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-){3}[0-9a-fA-F]{12})
+        https?://tube\.tugraz\.at/(?:
+            paella/ui/watch\.html\?(?:[^#]*&)?id=|
+            portal/watch/
+        )(?P<id>[0-9a-fA-F]{8}-(?:[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-){3}[0-9a-fA-F]{12})
    '''
    _TESTS = [
        {
@@ -149,9 +151,9 @@ class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                'title': '#6 (23.11.2017)',
                'episode': '#6 (23.11.2017)',
                'series': '[INB03001UF] Einführung in die strukturierte Programmierung',
-                'creator': 'Safran C',
                'duration': 3295818,
                'series_id': 'b1192fff-2aa7-4bf0-a5cf-7b15c3bd3b34',
+                'creators': ['Safran C'],
            },
        }, {
            'url': 'https://tube.tugraz.at/paella/ui/watch.html?id=2df6d787-e56a-428d-8ef4-d57f07eef238',
@@ -162,6 +164,10 @@ class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                'ext': 'mp4',
            },
            'expected_warnings': ['Extractor failed to obtain "title"'],
+        }, {
+            # Portal URL format
+            'url': 'https://tube.tugraz.at/portal/watch/ab28ec60-8cbe-4f1a-9b96-a95add56c612',
+            'only_matching': True,
        },
    ]

--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
@@ -1,46 +1,82 @@
+import re
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
    clean_html,
-    get_element_by_class,
+    extract_attributes,
    js_to_json,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    unified_strdate,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj


 class TVNoeIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvnoe\.cz/video/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://www.tvnoe.cz/video/10362',
-        'md5': 'aee983f279aab96ec45ab6e2abb3c2ca',
+    IE_NAME = 'tvnoe'
+    IE_DESC = 'Televize Noe'
+
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvnoe\.cz/porad/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.tvnoe.cz/porad/43216-outdoor-films-s-mudr-tomasem-kempnym-pomahat-potrebnym-nejen-u-nas',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '10362',
+            'id': '43216-outdoor-films-s-mudr-tomasem-kempnym-pomahat-potrebnym-nejen-u-nas',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'series': 'Noční univerzita',
-            'title': 'prof. Tomáš Halík, Th.D. - Návrat náboženství a střet civilizací',
-            'description': 'md5:f337bae384e1a531a52c55ebc50fff41',
+            'title': 'Pomáhat potřebným nejen u nás',
+            'description': 'md5:78b538ee32f7e881ec23b9c278a0ff3a',
+            'release_date': '20250531',
+            'series': 'Outdoor Films s MUDr. Tomášem Kempným',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.tvnoe\.cz/.+\.jpg',
        },
-    }
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tvnoe.cz/porad/43205-zamysleni-tomase-halika-7-nedele-velikonocni',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '43205-zamysleni-tomase-halika-7-nedele-velikonocni',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '7. neděle velikonoční',
+            'description': 'md5:6bb9908efc59abe60e1c8c7c0e9bb6cd',
+            'release_date': '20250531',
+            'series': 'Zamyšlení Tomáše Halíka',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.tvnoe\.cz/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }]

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)
        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        player = self._search_json(
+            r'var\s+INIT_PLAYER\s*=', webpage, 'init player',
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)

-        iframe_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'<iframe[^>]+src="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'iframe URL')
+        formats = []
+        for source in traverse_obj(player, ('tracks', ..., lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['src']))):
+            src_url = source['src']
+            ext = mimetype2ext(source.get('type'))
+            if ext == 'm3u8':
+                fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    src_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+            elif ext == 'mpd':
+                fmts = self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    src_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(f'Unsupported stream type: {ext}')
+                continue
+            formats.extend(fmts)

-        ifs_page = self._download_webpage(iframe_url, video_id)
-        jwplayer_data = self._find_jwplayer_data(
-            ifs_page, video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
-        info_dict = self._parse_jwplayer_data(
-            jwplayer_data, video_id, require_title=False, base_url=iframe_url)
-
-        info_dict.update({
+        return {
            'id': video_id,
-            'title': clean_html(get_element_by_class(
-                'field-name-field-podnazev', webpage)),
-            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class(
-                'field-name-body', webpage)),
-            'series': clean_html(get_element_by_class('title', webpage)),
-        })
-
-        return info_dict
+            'description': clean_html(self._search_regex(
+                r'<p\s+class="">(.+?)</p>', webpage, 'description', default=None)),
+            'formats': formats,
+            **traverse_obj(webpage, {
+                'title': ({find_element(tag='h2')}, {clean_html}),
+                'release_date': (
+                    {clean_html}, {re.compile(r'Premiéra:\s*(\d{1,2}\.\d{1,2}\.\d{4})').findall},
+                    ..., {str}, {unified_strdate}, any),
+                'series': ({find_element(tag='h1')}, {clean_html}),
+                'thumbnail': (
+                    {find_element(id='player-live', html=True)}, {extract_attributes},
+                    'poster', {urljoin('https://www.tvnoe.cz/')}),
+            }),
+        }
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
@@ -41,16 +41,16 @@ class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'twitch'

    _OPERATION_HASHES = {
-        'CollectionSideBar': '27111f1b382effad0b6def325caef1909c733fe6a4fbabf54f8d491ef2cf2f14',
-        'FilterableVideoTower_Videos': 'a937f1d22e269e39a03b509f65a7490f9fc247d7f83d6ac1421523e3b68042cb',
-        'ClipsCards__User': 'b73ad2bfaecfd30a9e6c28fada15bd97032c83ec77a0440766a56fe0bd632777',
-        'ShareClipRenderStatus': 'e0a46b287d760c6890a39d1ccd736af5ec9479a267d02c710e9ac33326b651d2',
-        'ChannelCollectionsContent': '447aec6a0cc1e8d0a8d7732d47eb0762c336a2294fdb009e9c9d854e49d484b9',
-        'StreamMetadata': 'a647c2a13599e5991e175155f798ca7f1ecddde73f7f341f39009c14dbf59962',
+        'CollectionSideBar': '016e1e4ccee0eb4698eb3bf1a04dc1c077fb746c78c82bac9a8f0289658fbd1a',
+        'FilterableVideoTower_Videos': '67004f7881e65c297936f32c75246470629557a393788fb5a69d6d9a25a8fd5f',
+        'ClipsCards__User': '90c33f5e6465122fba8f9371e2a97076f9ed06c6fed3788d002ab9eba8f91d88',
+        'ShareClipRenderStatus': '1844261bb449fa51e6167040311da4a7a5f1c34fe71c71a3e0c4f551bc30c698',
+        'ChannelCollectionsContent': '5247910a19b1cd2b760939bf4cba4dcbd3d13bdf8c266decd16956f6ef814077',
+        'StreamMetadata': 'b57f9b910f8cd1a4659d894fe7550ccc81ec9052c01e438b290fd66a040b9b93',
        'ComscoreStreamingQuery': 'e1edae8122517d013405f237ffcc124515dc6ded82480a88daef69c83b53ac01',
-        'VideoPreviewOverlay': '3006e77e51b128d838fa4e835723ca4dc9a05c5efd4466c1085215c6e437e65c',
-        'VideoMetadata': '49b5b8f268cdeb259d75b58dcb0c1a748e3b575003448a2333dc5cdafd49adad',
-        'VideoPlayer_ChapterSelectButtonVideo': '8d2793384aac3773beab5e59bd5d6f585aedb923d292800119e03d40cd0f9b41',
+        'VideoPreviewOverlay': '9515480dee68a77e667cb19de634739d33f243572b007e98e67184b1a5d8369f',
+        'VideoMetadata': '45111672eea2e507f8ba44d101a61862f9c56b11dee09a15634cb75cb9b9084d',
+        'VideoPlayer_ChapterSelectButtonVideo': '71835d5ef425e154bf282453a926d99b328cdc5e32f36d3a209d0f4778b41203',
        'VideoPlayer_VODSeekbarPreviewVideo': '07e99e4d56c5a7c67117a154777b0baf85a5ffefa393b213f4bc712ccaf85dd6',
    }

@@ -621,15 +621,15 @@ def _make_video_result(node):


 class TwitchCollectionIE(TwitchBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'twitch:collection'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|go|m)\.)?twitch\.tv/collections/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
-
    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/collections/wlDCoH0zEBZZbQ',
+        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/collections/o9zZer3IQBhTJw',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'wlDCoH0zEBZZbQ',
-            'title': 'Overthrow Nook, capitalism for children',
+            'id': 'o9zZer3IQBhTJw',
+            'title': 'Playthrough Archives',
        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 13,
+        'playlist_mincount': 21,
    }]

    _OPERATION_NAME = 'CollectionSideBar'
@@ -720,8 +720,8 @@ def _make_variables(channel_name, broadcast_type, sort):


 class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'twitch:videos'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|go|m)\.)?twitch\.tv/(?P<id>[^/]+)/(?:videos|profile)'
-
    _TESTS = [{
        # All Videos sorted by Date
        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/spamfish/videos?filter=all',
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
            'id': 'spamfish',
            'title': 'spamfish - All Videos sorted by Date',
        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 924,
+        'playlist_mincount': 751,
    }, {
        # All Videos sorted by Popular
        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/spamfish/videos?filter=all&sort=views',
@@ -737,8 +737,9 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
            'id': 'spamfish',
            'title': 'spamfish - All Videos sorted by Popular',
        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 931,
+        'playlist_mincount': 754,
    }, {
+        # TODO: Investigate why we get 0 entries
        # Past Broadcasts sorted by Date
        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/spamfish/videos?filter=archives',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -753,8 +754,9 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
            'id': 'spamfish',
            'title': 'spamfish - Highlights sorted by Date',
        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 901,
+        'playlist_mincount': 751,
    }, {
+        # TODO: Investigate why we get 0 entries
        # Uploads sorted by Date
        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/esl_csgo/videos?filter=uploads&sort=time',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -763,6 +765,7 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
        },
        'playlist_mincount': 5,
    }, {
+        # TODO: Investigate why we get 0 entries
        # Past Premieres sorted by Date
        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/spamfish/videos?filter=past_premieres',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -825,8 +828,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):


 class TwitchVideosClipsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'twitch:videos:clips'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|go|m)\.)?twitch\.tv/(?P<id>[^/]+)/(?:clips|videos/*?\?.*?\bfilter=clips)'
-
    _TESTS = [{
        # Clips
        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/vanillatv/clips?filter=clips&range=all',
@@ -898,8 +901,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):


 class TwitchVideosCollectionsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'twitch:videos:collections'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|go|m)\.)?twitch\.tv/(?P<id>[^/]+)/videos/*?\?.*?\bfilter=collections'
-
    _TESTS = [{
        # Collections
        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/spamfish/videos?filter=collections',
@@ -1050,7 +1053,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
        gql = self._download_gql(
            channel_name, [{
                'operationName': 'StreamMetadata',
-                'variables': {'channelLogin': channel_name},
+                'variables': {
+                    'channelLogin': channel_name,
+                    'includeIsDJ': True,
+                },
            }, {
                'operationName': 'ComscoreStreamingQuery',
                'variables': {
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
    try_get,
    unified_timestamp,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj


 class URPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ class URPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
            'upload_date': '20171214',
            'series': 'UR Samtiden - Livet, universum och rymdens märkliga musik',
            'duration': 2269,
-            'categories': ['Vetenskap & teknik'],
+            'categories': ['Kultur & historia'],
            'tags': ['Kritiskt tänkande', 'Vetenskap', 'Vetenskaplig verksamhet'],
            'episode': 'Om vetenskap, kritiskt tänkande och motstånd',
            'age_limit': 15,
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
        urplayer_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, fatal=False) or {}
        if urplayer_data:
-            urplayer_data = try_get(urplayer_data, lambda x: x['props']['pageProps']['program'], dict)
+            urplayer_data = traverse_obj(urplayer_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'productData', {dict}))
            if not urplayer_data:
                raise ExtractorError('Unable to parse __NEXT_DATA__')
        else:
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
@@ -60,6 +60,37 @@ def _algo3(self, s):
        s = to_signed_32(s * to_signed_32(0xc2b2ae3d))
        return to_signed_32(s ^ ((s & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 16))

+    def _algo4(self, s):
+        # Custom scrambling function involving a left rotation (ROL)
+        s = self._s = to_signed_32(s + 0x6d2b79f5)
+        s = to_signed_32((s << 7) | ((s & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 25))  # ROL 7
+        s = to_signed_32(s + 0x9e3779b9)
+        s = to_signed_32(s ^ ((s & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 11))
+        return to_signed_32(s * 0x27d4eb2d)
+
+    def _algo5(self, s):
+        # xorshift variant with a final addition
+        s = to_signed_32(s ^ (s << 7))
+        s = to_signed_32(s ^ ((s & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 9))
+        s = to_signed_32(s ^ (s << 8))
+        s = self._s = to_signed_32(s + 0xa5a5a5a5)
+        return s
+
+    def _algo6(self, s):
+        # LCG (a=0x2c9277b5, c=0xac564b05) with a variable right shift scrambler
+        s = self._s = to_signed_32(s * to_signed_32(0x2c9277b5) + to_signed_32(0xac564b05))
+        s2 = to_signed_32(s ^ ((s & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 18))
+        shift = (s & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 27 & 31
+        return to_signed_32((s2 & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> shift)
+
+    def _algo7(self, s):
+        # Weyl Sequence (k=0x9e3779b9) + custom multiply-xor-shift mixing function
+        s = self._s = to_signed_32(s + to_signed_32(0x9e3779b9))
+        e = to_signed_32(s ^ (s << 5))
+        e = to_signed_32(e * to_signed_32(0x7feb352d))
+        e = to_signed_32(e ^ ((e & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 15))
+        return to_signed_32(e * to_signed_32(0x846ca68b))
+
    def __next__(self):
        return self._algorithm(self._s) & 0xFF

--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_base.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_base.py
@@ -220,6 +220,20 @@ class SubsPoTokenPolicy(BasePoTokenPolicy):
        },
        'PLAYER_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': PlayerPoTokenPolicy(required=False, recommended=True),
    },
+    # Doesn't require a PoToken for some reason
+    'android_sdkless': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'ANDROID',
+                'clientVersion': '20.10.38',
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/20.10.38 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
+                'osName': 'Android',
+                'osVersion': '11',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 3,
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
+    },
    # YouTube Kids videos aren't returned on this client for some reason
    'android_vr': {
        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
@@ -313,6 +327,17 @@ class SubsPoTokenPolicy(BasePoTokenPolicy):
        # See: https://github.com/youtube/cobalt/blob/main/cobalt/browser/user_agent/user_agent_platform_info.cc#L506
        'AUTHENTICATED_USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/5.0 (ChromiumStylePlatform) Cobalt/25.lts.30.1034943-gold (unlike Gecko), Unknown_TV_Unknown_0/Unknown (Unknown, Unknown)',
    },
+    'tv_downgraded': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'TVHTML5',
+                'clientVersion': '5.20251105',
+                'userAgent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (ChromiumStylePlatform) Cobalt/Version',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 7,
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+    },
    'tv_simply': {
        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
            'client': {
@@ -366,11 +391,15 @@ def short_client_name(client_name):
    return join_nonempty(main[:4], ''.join(x[0] for x in parts)).upper()


-def build_innertube_clients():
-    THIRD_PARTY = {
+def _fix_embedded_ytcfg(ytcfg):
+    ytcfg['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT'].setdefault('thirdParty', {}).update({
        'embedUrl': 'https://www.youtube.com/',  # Can be any valid URL
-    }
-    BASE_CLIENTS = ('ios', 'web', 'tv', 'mweb', 'android')
+    })
+
+
+def build_innertube_clients():
+    # From highest to lowest priority
+    BASE_CLIENTS = ('tv', 'web', 'mweb', 'android', 'ios')
    priority = qualities(BASE_CLIENTS[::-1])

    for client, ytcfg in tuple(INNERTUBE_CLIENTS.items()):
@@ -391,10 +420,7 @@ def build_innertube_clients():
        ytcfg['priority'] = 10 * priority(base_client)

        if variant == 'embedded':
-            ytcfg['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['thirdParty'] = THIRD_PARTY
-            ytcfg['priority'] -= 2
-        elif variant:
-            ytcfg['priority'] -= 3
+            _fix_embedded_ytcfg(ytcfg)


 build_innertube_clients()
@@ -977,6 +1003,10 @@ def _download_ytcfg(self, client, video_id):

        ytcfg = self.extract_ytcfg(video_id, webpage) or {}

+        # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14826
+        if _split_innertube_client(client)[2] == 'embedded':
+            _fix_embedded_ytcfg(ytcfg)
+
        # Workaround for https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12563
        # But it's not effective when logged-in
        if client == 'tv' and not self.is_authenticated:
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_tab.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_tab.py
@@ -340,8 +340,9 @@ def _extract_lockup_view_model(self, view_model):
            thumbnails=self._extract_thumbnails(view_model, (
                'contentImage', *thumb_keys, 'thumbnailViewModel', 'image'), final_key='sources'),
            duration=traverse_obj(view_model, (
-                'contentImage', 'thumbnailViewModel', 'overlays', ..., 'thumbnailOverlayBadgeViewModel',
-                'thumbnailBadges', ..., 'thumbnailBadgeViewModel', 'text', {parse_duration}, any)),
+                'contentImage', 'thumbnailViewModel', 'overlays', ...,
+                (('thumbnailBottomOverlayViewModel', 'badges'), ('thumbnailOverlayBadgeViewModel', 'thumbnailBadges')),
+                ..., 'thumbnailBadgeViewModel', 'text', {parse_duration}, any)),
            timestamp=(traverse_obj(view_model, (
                'metadata', 'lockupMetadataViewModel', 'metadata', 'contentMetadataViewModel', 'metadataRows',
                ..., 'metadataParts', ..., 'text', 'content', {lambda t: self._parse_time_text(t, report_failure=False)}, any))
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_video.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_video.py
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/README.md
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# YoutubeIE JS Challenge Provider Framework
+
+As part of the YouTube extractor, we have a framework for solving n/sig JS Challenges programmatically. This can be used by plugins.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> If publishing a JS Challenge Provider plugin to GitHub, add the [yt-dlp-jsc-provider](https://github.com/topics/yt-dlp-jsc-provider) topic to your repository to help users find it.
+
+
+## Public APIs
+
+- `yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider`
+
+Everything else is **internal-only** and no guarantees are made about the API stability.
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> We will try our best to maintain stability with the public APIs.
+> However, due to the nature of extractors and YouTube, we may need to remove or change APIs in the future.
+> If you are using these APIs outside yt-dlp plugins, please account for this by importing them safely.
+
+## JS Challenge Provider
+
+`yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider`
+
+```python
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import (
+    register_provider,
+    register_preference,
+    JsChallengeProvider,
+    JsChallengeRequest,
+    JsChallengeResponse,
+    JsChallengeProviderError,
+    JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest,
+    JsChallengeType, 
+    JsChallengeProviderResponse,
+    NChallengeOutput,
+)
+from yt_dlp.utils import traverse_obj, Popen
+import json
+import subprocess
+import typing
+
+@register_provider
+class MyJsChallengeProviderJCP(JsChallengeProvider):  # Provider class name must end with "JCP"
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.2.1'
+    # Define a unique display name for the provider
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'my-provider'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://issues.example.com/report'
+    
+    # Set supported challenge types.
+    # If None, the provider will handle all types.
+    _SUPPORTED_TYPES = [JsChallengeType.N]
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the provider is available (e.g. all required dependencies are available)
+        This is used to determine if the provider should be used and to provide debug information.
+
+        IMPORTANT: This method SHOULD NOT make any network requests or perform any expensive operations.
+
+        Since this is called multiple times, we recommend caching the result.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def close(self):
+        # Optional close hook, called when YoutubeDL is closed.
+        pass
+
+    def _real_bulk_solve(self, requests: list[JsChallengeRequest]) -> typing.Generator[JsChallengeProviderResponse, None, None]:
+        # ℹ️ If you need to do additional validation on the requests.
+        # Raise yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider.JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest if the request is not supported.
+        if len("something") > 255:
+            raise JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest('Challenges longer than 255 are not supported', expected=True)
+            
+
+        # ℹ️ Settings are pulled from extractor args passed to yt-dlp with the key `youtubejsc-<PROVIDER_KEY>`.
+        # For this example, the extractor arg would be:
+        # `--extractor-args "youtubejsc-myjschallengeprovider:bin_path=/path/to/bin"`
+        bin_path = self._configuration_arg(
+            'bin_path', default=['/path/to/bin'])[0]
+        
+        # See below for logging guidelines
+        self.logger.trace(f'Using bin path: {bin_path}')
+        
+        for request in requests:
+            # You can use the _get_player method to get the player JS code if needed.
+            # This shares the same caching as the YouTube extractor, so it will not make unnecessary requests.
+            player_js = self._get_player(request.video_id, request.input.player_url)
+            cmd = f'{bin_path} {request.input.challenges} {player_js}'
+            self.logger.info(f'Executing command: {cmd}')
+            stdout, _, ret = Popen.run(cmd, text=True, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+            if ret != 0:
+                # ℹ️ If there is an error, raise JsChallengeProviderError.
+                # The request will be sent to the next provider if there is one.
+                # You can specify whether it is expected or not. If it is unexpected, 
+                #  the log will include a link to the bug report location (BUG_REPORT_LOCATION).
+                
+                # raise JsChallengeProviderError(f'Command returned error code {ret}', expected=False)
+                
+                # You can also only fail this specific request by returning a JsChallengeProviderResponse with the error.
+                # This will allow other requests to be processed by this provider.
+                yield JsChallengeProviderResponse(
+                    request=request, 
+                    error=JsChallengeProviderError(f'Command returned error code {ret}', expected=False)
+                )
+                
+            yield JsChallengeProviderResponse(
+                request=request, 
+                response=JsChallengeResponse(
+                    type=JsChallengeType.N,
+                    output=NChallengeOutput(results=traverse_obj(json.loads(stdout))),
+            ))
+        
+
+# If there are multiple JS Challenge Providers that can handle the same JsChallengeRequest(s),
+# you can define a preference function to increase/decrease the priority of providers.
+
+@register_preference(MyJsChallengeProviderJCP)
+def my_provider_preference(provider: JsChallengeProvider, requests: list[JsChallengeRequest]) -> int:
+    return 50
+```
+
+## Logging Guidelines
+
+- Use the `self.logger` object to log messages.
+- When making HTTP requests or any other time-expensive operation, use `self.logger.info` to log a message to standard non-verbose output.
+  - This lets users know what is happening when a time-expensive operation is taking place.
+- Technical information such as a command being executed should be logged to `self.logger.debug`
+- Use `self.logger.trace` for very detailed information that is only useful for debugging to avoid cluttering the debug log.
+
+## Debugging
+
+- Use `-v --extractor-args "youtube:jsc_trace=true"` to enable JS Challenge debug output.
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/init.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/init.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Trigger import of built-in providers
+from ._builtin.bun import BunJCP as _BunJCP  # noqa: F401
+from ._builtin.deno import DenoJCP as _DenoJCP  # noqa: F401
+from ._builtin.node import NodeJCP as _NodeJCP  # noqa: F401
+from ._builtin.quickjs import QuickJSJCP as _QuickJSJCP  # noqa: F401
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/init.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/init.py
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/bun.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/bun.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import urllib.parse
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.ejs import (
+    _EJS_WIKI_URL,
+    EJSBaseJCP,
+    Script,
+    ScriptSource,
+    ScriptType,
+    ScriptVariant,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.vendor import load_script
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import (
+    JsChallengeProvider,
+    JsChallengeProviderError,
+    JsChallengeRequest,
+    register_preference,
+    register_provider,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import provider_bug_report_message
+from yt_dlp.utils import Popen
+from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict, clean_proxies
+
+# KNOWN ISSUES:
+# - If node_modules is present and includes a requested lib, the version we request is ignored
+#   and whatever installed in node_modules is used.
+# - No way to ignore existing node_modules, lock files, etc.
+# - No sandboxing options available
+# - Cannot detect if npm packages are cached without potentially downloading them.
+#   `--no-install` appears to disable the cache.
+# - npm auto-install may fail with an integrity error when using HTTP proxies
+# - npm auto-install HTTP proxy support may be limited on older Bun versions
+# - Cannot disable the transpiler / specify lang for stdin
+
+
+@register_provider
+class BunJCP(EJSBaseJCP, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'bun'
+    JS_RUNTIME_NAME = 'bun'
+    BUN_NPM_LIB_FILENAME = 'yt.solver.bun.lib.js'
+    SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES = ['http', 'https']
+
+    def _iter_script_sources(self):
+        yield from super()._iter_script_sources()
+        yield ScriptSource.BUILTIN, self._bun_npm_source
+
+    def _bun_npm_source(self, script_type: ScriptType, /):
+        if script_type != ScriptType.LIB:
+            return None
+        if 'ejs:npm' not in self.ie.get_param('remote_components', []):
+            return self._skip_component('ejs:npm')
+
+        # Check to see if the environment proxies are compatible with Bun npm source
+        if unsupported_scheme := self._check_env_proxies(self._get_env_options()):
+            self.logger.warning(
+                f'Bun NPM package downloads only support HTTP/HTTPS proxies; skipping remote NPM package downloads. '
+                f'Provide another distribution of the challenge solver script or use '
+                f'another JS runtime that supports "{unsupported_scheme}" proxies. '
+                f'For more information and alternatives, refer to  {_EJS_WIKI_URL}')
+            return None
+
+        # Bun-specific lib scripts that uses Bun autoimport
+        # https://bun.com/docs/runtime/autoimport
+        error_hook = lambda e: self.logger.warning(
+            f'Failed to read bun challenge solver lib script: {e}{provider_bug_report_message(self)}')
+        code = load_script(
+            self.BUN_NPM_LIB_FILENAME, error_hook=error_hook)
+        if code:
+            return Script(script_type, ScriptVariant.BUN_NPM, ScriptSource.BUILTIN, self._SCRIPT_VERSION, code)
+        return None
+
+    def _check_env_proxies(self, env):
+        # check that the schemes of both HTTP_PROXY and HTTPS_PROXY are supported
+        for key in ('HTTP_PROXY', 'HTTPS_PROXY'):
+            proxy = env.get(key)
+            if not proxy:
+                continue
+            scheme = urllib.parse.urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower()
+            if scheme not in self.SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES:
+                return scheme
+        return None
+
+    def _get_env_options(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        options = os.environ.copy()  # pass through existing bun env vars
+        request_proxies = self.ie._downloader.proxies.copy()
+        clean_proxies(request_proxies, HTTPHeaderDict())
+
+        # Apply 'all' proxy first, then allow per-scheme overrides
+        if request_proxies.get('all') is not None:
+            options['HTTP_PROXY'] = options['HTTPS_PROXY'] = request_proxies['all']
+        for key, env in (('http', 'HTTP_PROXY'), ('https', 'HTTPS_PROXY')):
+            val = request_proxies.get(key)
+            if val is not None:
+                options[env] = val
+        if self.ie.get_param('nocheckcertificate'):
+            options['NODE_TLS_REJECT_UNAUTHORIZED'] = '0'
+
+        # Disable Bun transpiler cache
+        options['BUN_RUNTIME_TRANSPILER_CACHE_PATH'] = '0'
+
+        # Prevent segfault: <https://github.com/oven-sh/bun/issues/22901>
+        options.pop('JSC_useJIT', None)
+        if self.ejs_setting('jitless', ['false']) != ['false']:
+            options['BUN_JSC_useJIT'] = '0'
+
+        return options
+
+    def _run_js_runtime(self, stdin: str, /) -> str:
+        # https://bun.com/docs/cli/run
+        options = ['--no-addons', '--prefer-offline']
+        if self._lib_script.variant == ScriptVariant.BUN_NPM:
+            # Enable auto-install even if node_modules is present
+            options.append('--install=fallback')
+        else:
+            options.append('--no-install')
+        cmd = [self.runtime_info.path, '--bun', 'run', *options, '-']
+        self.logger.debug(f'Running bun: {shlex.join(cmd)}')
+
+        with Popen(
+            cmd,
+            text=True,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            env=self._get_env_options(),
+        ) as proc:
+            stdout, stderr = proc.communicate_or_kill(stdin)
+            stderr = self._clean_stderr(stderr)
+            if proc.returncode or stderr:
+                msg = f'Error running bun process (returncode: {proc.returncode})'
+                if stderr:
+                    msg = f'{msg}: {stderr.strip()}'
+                raise JsChallengeProviderError(msg)
+        return stdout
+
+    def _clean_stderr(self, stderr):
+        return '\n'.join(
+            line for line in stderr.splitlines()
+            if not re.match(r'^Bun v\d+\.\d+\.\d+ \([\w\s]+\)$', line))
+
+
+@register_preference(BunJCP)
+def preference(provider: JsChallengeProvider, requests: list[JsChallengeRequest]) -> int:
+    return 800
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/deno.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/deno.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.ejs import (
+    EJSBaseJCP,
+    Script,
+    ScriptSource,
+    ScriptType,
+    ScriptVariant,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.vendor import load_script
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import (
+    JsChallengeProvider,
+    JsChallengeProviderError,
+    JsChallengeRequest,
+    register_preference,
+    register_provider,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import provider_bug_report_message
+from yt_dlp.utils import Popen, remove_terminal_sequences
+from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict, clean_proxies
+
+# KNOWN ISSUES:
+# - Can't avoid analysis cache: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/14849#issuecomment-3475840821
+
+
+@register_provider
+class DenoJCP(EJSBaseJCP, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'deno'
+    JS_RUNTIME_NAME = 'deno'
+
+    _DENO_BASE_OPTIONS = [
+        '--ext=js', '--no-code-cache', '--no-prompt', '--no-remote',
+        '--no-lock', '--node-modules-dir=none', '--no-config',
+    ]
+    DENO_NPM_LIB_FILENAME = 'yt.solver.deno.lib.js'
+    _NPM_PACKAGES_CACHED = False
+
+    def _iter_script_sources(self):
+        yield from super()._iter_script_sources()
+        yield ScriptSource.BUILTIN, self._deno_npm_source
+
+    def _deno_npm_source(self, script_type: ScriptType, /):
+        if script_type != ScriptType.LIB:
+            return None
+        # Deno-specific lib scripts that use Deno NPM imports
+        error_hook = lambda e: self.logger.warning(
+            f'Failed to read deno challenge solver lib script: {e}{provider_bug_report_message(self)}')
+        code = load_script(
+            self.DENO_NPM_LIB_FILENAME, error_hook=error_hook)
+        if not code:
+            return None
+        if 'ejs:npm' not in self.ie.get_param('remote_components', []):
+            # We may still be able to continue if the npm packages are available/cached
+            self._NPM_PACKAGES_CACHED = self._npm_packages_cached(code)
+            if not self._NPM_PACKAGES_CACHED:
+                return self._skip_component('ejs:npm')
+        return Script(script_type, ScriptVariant.DENO_NPM, ScriptSource.BUILTIN, self._SCRIPT_VERSION, code)
+
+    def _npm_packages_cached(self, stdin: str) -> bool:
+        # Check if npm packages are cached, so we can run without --remote-components ejs:npm
+        self.logger.debug('Checking if npm packages are cached')
+        try:
+            self._run_deno(stdin, [*self._DENO_BASE_OPTIONS, '--cached-only'])
+        except JsChallengeProviderError as e:
+            self.logger.trace(f'Deno npm packages not cached: {e}')
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _run_js_runtime(self, stdin: str, /) -> str:
+        options = [*self._DENO_BASE_OPTIONS]
+        if self._lib_script.variant == ScriptVariant.DENO_NPM and self._NPM_PACKAGES_CACHED:
+            options.append('--cached-only')
+        elif self._lib_script.variant != ScriptVariant.DENO_NPM:
+            options.append('--no-npm')
+            options.append('--cached-only')
+        if self.ie.get_param('nocheckcertificate'):
+            options.append('--unsafely-ignore-certificate-errors')
+        # XXX: Convert this extractor-arg into a general option if/when a JSI framework is implemented
+        if self.ejs_setting('jitless', ['false']) != ['false']:
+            options.append('--v8-flags=--jitless')
+        return self._run_deno(stdin, options)
+
+    def _get_env_options(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        options = os.environ.copy()  # pass through existing deno env vars
+        request_proxies = self.ie._downloader.proxies.copy()
+        clean_proxies(request_proxies, HTTPHeaderDict())
+        # Apply 'all' proxy first, then allow per-scheme overrides
+        if 'all' in request_proxies and request_proxies['all'] is not None:
+            options['HTTP_PROXY'] = options['HTTPS_PROXY'] = request_proxies['all']
+        for key, env in (('http', 'HTTP_PROXY'), ('https', 'HTTPS_PROXY'), ('no', 'NO_PROXY')):
+            if key in request_proxies and request_proxies[key] is not None:
+                options[env] = request_proxies[key]
+        return options
+
+    def _run_deno(self, stdin, options) -> str:
+        cmd = [self.runtime_info.path, 'run', *options, '-']
+        self.logger.debug(f'Running deno: {shlex.join(cmd)}')
+        with Popen(
+            cmd,
+            text=True,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            env=self._get_env_options(),
+        ) as proc:
+            stdout, stderr = proc.communicate_or_kill(stdin)
+            stderr = self._clean_stderr(stderr)
+            if proc.returncode or stderr:
+                msg = f'Error running deno process (returncode: {proc.returncode})'
+                if stderr:
+                    msg = f'{msg}: {stderr.strip()}'
+                raise JsChallengeProviderError(msg)
+        return stdout
+
+    def _clean_stderr(self, stderr):
+        return '\n'.join(
+            line for line in stderr.splitlines()
+            if not (
+                re.match(r'^Download\s+https\S+$', remove_terminal_sequences(line))
+                or re.match(r'DANGER: TLS certificate validation is disabled for all hostnames', remove_terminal_sequences(line))))
+
+
+@register_preference(DenoJCP)
+def preference(provider: JsChallengeProvider, requests: list[JsChallengeRequest]) -> int:
+    return 1000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/ejs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/ejs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import dataclasses
+import enum
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import json
+
+from yt_dlp.dependencies import yt_dlp_ejs as _has_ejs
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin import vendor
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import (
+    JsChallengeProvider,
+    JsChallengeProviderError,
+    JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest,
+    JsChallengeProviderResponse,
+    JsChallengeResponse,
+    JsChallengeType,
+    NChallengeOutput,
+    SigChallengeOutput,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import configuration_arg
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import provider_bug_report_message
+from yt_dlp.utils._jsruntime import JsRuntimeInfo
+
+if _has_ejs:
+    import yt_dlp_ejs.yt.solver
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Generator
+
+    from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import JsChallengeRequest
+
+_EJS_WIKI_URL = 'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/EJS'
+
+
+class ScriptType(enum.Enum):
+    LIB = 'lib'
+    CORE = 'core'
+
+
+class ScriptVariant(enum.Enum):
+    UNKNOWN = 'unknown'
+    MINIFIED = 'minified'
+    UNMINIFIED = 'unminified'
+    DENO_NPM = 'deno_npm'
+    BUN_NPM = 'bun_npm'
+
+
+class ScriptSource(enum.Enum):
+    PYPACKAGE = 'python package'  # PyPI, PyInstaller exe, zipimport binary, etc
+    CACHE = 'cache'  # GitHub release assets (cached)
+    WEB = 'web'  # GitHub release assets (downloaded)
+    BUILTIN = 'builtin'  # vendored (full core script; import-only lib script + NPM cache)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class Script:
+    type: ScriptType
+    variant: ScriptVariant
+    source: ScriptSource
+    version: str
+    code: str
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def hash(self, /) -> str:
+        return hashlib.sha3_512(self.code.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+    def __str__(self, /):
+        return f'<Script {self.type.value!r} v{self.version} (source: {self.source.value}) variant={self.variant.value!r} size={len(self.code)} hash={self.hash[:7]}...>'
+
+
+class EJSBaseJCP(JsChallengeProvider):
+    JS_RUNTIME_NAME: str
+    _CACHE_SECTION = 'challenge-solver'
+
+    _REPOSITORY = 'yt-dlp/ejs'
+    _SUPPORTED_TYPES = [JsChallengeType.N, JsChallengeType.SIG]
+    _SCRIPT_VERSION = vendor.VERSION
+    # TODO: Integration tests for each kind of scripts source
+    _ALLOWED_HASHES = {
+        ScriptType.LIB: {
+            ScriptVariant.UNMINIFIED: vendor.HASHES['yt.solver.lib.js'],
+            ScriptVariant.MINIFIED: vendor.HASHES['yt.solver.lib.min.js'],
+            ScriptVariant.DENO_NPM: vendor.HASHES['yt.solver.deno.lib.js'],
+            ScriptVariant.BUN_NPM: vendor.HASHES['yt.solver.bun.lib.js'],
+        },
+        ScriptType.CORE: {
+            ScriptVariant.MINIFIED: vendor.HASHES['yt.solver.core.min.js'],
+            ScriptVariant.UNMINIFIED: vendor.HASHES['yt.solver.core.js'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    _SCRIPT_FILENAMES = {
+        ScriptType.LIB: 'yt.solver.lib.js',
+        ScriptType.CORE: 'yt.solver.core.js',
+    }
+
+    _MIN_SCRIPT_FILENAMES = {
+        ScriptType.LIB: 'yt.solver.lib.min.js',
+        ScriptType.CORE: 'yt.solver.core.min.js',
+    }
+
+    # currently disabled as files are large and we do not support rotation
+    _ENABLE_PREPROCESSED_PLAYER_CACHE = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._available = True
+        self.ejs_settings = self.ie.get_param('extractor_args', {}).get('youtube-ejs', {})
+
+        # Note: The following 3 args are for developer use only & intentionally not documented.
+        # - dev: bypasses verification of script hashes and versions.
+        # - repo: use a custom GitHub repository to fetch web script from.
+        # - script_version: use a custom script version.
+        # E.g. --extractor-args "youtube-ejs:dev=true;script_version=0.1.4"
+
+        self.is_dev = self.ejs_setting('dev', ['false'])[0] == 'true'
+        if self.is_dev:
+            self.report_dev_option('You have enabled dev mode for EJS JCP Providers.')
+
+        custom_repo = self.ejs_setting('repo', [None])[0]
+        if custom_repo:
+            self.report_dev_option(f'You have set a custom GitHub repository for EJS JCP Providers ({custom_repo}).')
+            self._REPOSITORY = custom_repo
+
+        custom_version = self.ejs_setting('script_version', [None])[0]
+        if custom_version:
+            self.report_dev_option(f'You have set a custom EJS script version for EJS JCP Providers ({custom_version}).')
+            self._SCRIPT_VERSION = custom_version
+
+    def ejs_setting(self, key, *args, **kwargs):
+        return configuration_arg(self.ejs_settings, key, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def report_dev_option(self, message: str):
+        self.ie.report_warning(
+            f'{message} '
+            f'This is a developer option intended for debugging. \n'
+            '         If you experience any issues while using this option, '
+            f'{self.ie._downloader._format_err("DO NOT", self.ie._downloader.Styles.ERROR)} open a bug report', only_once=True)
+
+    def _run_js_runtime(self, stdin: str, /) -> str:
+        """To be implemented by subclasses"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _real_bulk_solve(self, /, requests: list[JsChallengeRequest]):
+        grouped: dict[str, list[JsChallengeRequest]] = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        for request in requests:
+            grouped[request.input.player_url].append(request)
+
+        for player_url, grouped_requests in grouped.items():
+            player = None
+            if self._ENABLE_PREPROCESSED_PLAYER_CACHE:
+                player = self.ie.cache.load(self._CACHE_SECTION, f'player:{player_url}')
+
+            if player:
+                cached = True
+            else:
+                cached = False
+                video_id = next((request.video_id for request in grouped_requests), None)
+                player = self._get_player(video_id, player_url)
+
+            # NB: This output belongs after the player request
+            self.logger.info(f'Solving JS challenges using {self.JS_RUNTIME_NAME}')
+
+            stdin = self._construct_stdin(player, cached, grouped_requests)
+            stdout = self._run_js_runtime(stdin)
+            output = json.loads(stdout)
+            if output['type'] == 'error':
+                raise JsChallengeProviderError(output['error'])
+
+            if self._ENABLE_PREPROCESSED_PLAYER_CACHE and (preprocessed := output.get('preprocessed_player')):
+                self.ie.cache.store(self._CACHE_SECTION, f'player:{player_url}', preprocessed)
+
+            for request, response_data in zip(grouped_requests, output['responses'], strict=True):
+                if response_data['type'] == 'error':
+                    yield JsChallengeProviderResponse(request, None, response_data['error'])
+                else:
+                    yield JsChallengeProviderResponse(request, JsChallengeResponse(request.type, (
+                        NChallengeOutput(response_data['data']) if request.type is JsChallengeType.N
+                        else SigChallengeOutput(response_data['data']))))
+
+    def _construct_stdin(self, player: str, preprocessed: bool, requests: list[JsChallengeRequest], /) -> str:
+        json_requests = [{
+            'type': request.type.value,
+            'challenges': request.input.challenges,
+        } for request in requests]
+        data = {
+            'type': 'preprocessed',
+            'preprocessed_player': player,
+            'requests': json_requests,
+        } if preprocessed else {
+            'type': 'player',
+            'player': player,
+            'requests': json_requests,
+            'output_preprocessed': True,
+        }
+        return f'''\
+        {self._lib_script.code}
+        Object.assign(globalThis, lib);
+        {self._core_script.code}
+        console.log(JSON.stringify(jsc({json.dumps(data)})));
+        '''
+
+    # region: challenge solver script
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _lib_script(self, /):
+        return self._get_script(ScriptType.LIB)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _core_script(self, /):
+        return self._get_script(ScriptType.CORE)
+
+    def _get_script(self, script_type: ScriptType, /) -> Script:
+        skipped_components: list[_SkippedComponent] = []
+        for _, from_source in self._iter_script_sources():
+            script = from_source(script_type)
+            if not script:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(script, _SkippedComponent):
+                skipped_components.append(script)
+                continue
+            if not self.is_dev:
+                if script.version != self._SCRIPT_VERSION:
+                    self.logger.warning(
+                        f'Challenge solver {script_type.value} script version {script.version} '
+                        f'is not supported (source: {script.source.value}, variant: {script.variant}, supported version: {self._SCRIPT_VERSION})')
+                    if script.source is ScriptSource.CACHE:
+                        self.logger.debug('Clearing outdated cached script')
+                        self.ie.cache.store(self._CACHE_SECTION, script_type.value, None)
+                    continue
+                script_hashes = self._ALLOWED_HASHES[script.type].get(script.variant, [])
+                if script_hashes and script.hash not in script_hashes:
+                    self.logger.warning(
+                        f'Hash mismatch on challenge solver {script.type.value} script '
+                        f'(source: {script.source.value}, variant: {script.variant}, hash: {script.hash})!{provider_bug_report_message(self)}')
+                    if script.source is ScriptSource.CACHE:
+                        self.logger.debug('Clearing invalid cached script')
+                        self.ie.cache.store(self._CACHE_SECTION, script_type.value, None)
+                    continue
+            self.logger.debug(
+                f'Using challenge solver {script.type.value} script v{script.version} '
+                f'(source: {script.source.value}, variant: {script.variant.value})')
+            break
+
+        else:
+            self._available = False
+            raise JsChallengeProviderRejectedRequest(
+                f'No usable challenge solver {script_type.value} script available',
+                _skipped_components=skipped_components or None,
+            )
+
+        return script
+
+    def _iter_script_sources(self) -> Generator[tuple[ScriptSource, Callable[[ScriptType], Script | None]]]:
+        yield from [
+            (ScriptSource.PYPACKAGE, self._pypackage_source),
+            (ScriptSource.CACHE, self._cached_source),
+            (ScriptSource.BUILTIN, self._builtin_source),
+            (ScriptSource.WEB, self._web_release_source)]
+
+    def _pypackage_source(self, script_type: ScriptType, /) -> Script | None:
+        if not _has_ejs:
+            return None
+        try:
+            code = yt_dlp_ejs.yt.solver.core() if script_type is ScriptType.CORE else yt_dlp_ejs.yt.solver.lib()
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.logger.warning(
+                f'Failed to load challenge solver {script_type.value} script from python package: {e}{provider_bug_report_message(self)}')
+            return None
+        return Script(script_type, ScriptVariant.MINIFIED, ScriptSource.PYPACKAGE, yt_dlp_ejs.version, code)
+
+    def _cached_source(self, script_type: ScriptType, /) -> Script | None:
+        if data := self.ie.cache.load(self._CACHE_SECTION, script_type.value):
+            return Script(script_type, ScriptVariant(data['variant']), ScriptSource.CACHE, data['version'], data['code'])
+        return None
+
+    def _builtin_source(self, script_type: ScriptType, /) -> Script | None:
+        error_hook = lambda _: self.logger.warning(
+            f'Failed to read builtin challenge solver {script_type.value} script{provider_bug_report_message(self)}')
+        code = vendor.load_script(
+            self._SCRIPT_FILENAMES[script_type], error_hook=error_hook)
+        if code:
+            return Script(script_type, ScriptVariant.UNMINIFIED, ScriptSource.BUILTIN, self._SCRIPT_VERSION, code)
+        return None
+
+    def _web_release_source(self, script_type: ScriptType, /):
+        if 'ejs:github' not in (self.ie.get_param('remote_components') or ()):
+            return self._skip_component('ejs:github')
+        url = f'https://github.com/{self._REPOSITORY}/releases/download/{self._SCRIPT_VERSION}/{self._MIN_SCRIPT_FILENAMES[script_type]}'
+        if code := self.ie._download_webpage_with_retries(
+            url, None, f'[{self.logger.prefix}] Downloading challenge solver {script_type.value} script from  {url}',
+            f'[{self.logger.prefix}] Failed to download challenge solver {script_type.value} script', fatal=False,
+        ):
+            self.ie.cache.store(self._CACHE_SECTION, script_type.value, {
+                'version': self._SCRIPT_VERSION,
+                'variant': ScriptVariant.MINIFIED.value,
+                'code': code,
+            })
+            return Script(script_type, ScriptVariant.MINIFIED, ScriptSource.WEB, self._SCRIPT_VERSION, code)
+        return None
+
+    # endregion: challenge solver script
+
+    @property
+    def runtime_info(self) -> JsRuntimeInfo | None:
+        runtime = self.ie._downloader._js_runtimes.get(self.JS_RUNTIME_NAME)
+        if not runtime or not runtime.info or not runtime.info.supported:
+            return None
+        return runtime.info
+
+    def is_available(self, /) -> bool:
+        if not self.runtime_info:
+            return False
+        return self._available
+
+    def _skip_component(self, component: str, /):
+        return _SkippedComponent(component, self.JS_RUNTIME_NAME)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _SkippedComponent:
+    component: str
+    runtime: str
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/node.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/node.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.ejs import EJSBaseJCP
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import (
+    JsChallengeProvider,
+    JsChallengeProviderError,
+    JsChallengeRequest,
+    register_preference,
+    register_provider,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.utils import Popen
+
+
+@register_provider
+class NodeJCP(EJSBaseJCP, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'node'
+    JS_RUNTIME_NAME = 'node'
+
+    _ARGS = ['-']
+
+    def _run_js_runtime(self, stdin: str, /) -> str:
+        args = []
+
+        if self.ejs_setting('jitless', ['false']) != ['false']:
+            args.append('--v8-flags=--jitless')
+
+        # Node permission flag changed from experimental to stable in v23.5.0
+        if self.runtime_info.version_tuple < (23, 5, 0):
+            args.append('--experimental-permission')
+            args.append('--no-warnings=ExperimentalWarning')
+        else:
+            args.append('--permission')
+
+        cmd = [self.runtime_info.path, *args, *self._ARGS]
+        self.logger.debug(f'Running node: {shlex.join(cmd)}')
+        with Popen(
+            cmd,
+            text=True,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        ) as proc:
+            stdout, stderr = proc.communicate_or_kill(stdin)
+            stderr = self._clean_stderr(stderr)
+            if proc.returncode or stderr:
+                msg = f'Error running node process (returncode: {proc.returncode})'
+                if stderr:
+                    msg = f'{msg}: {stderr.strip()}'
+                raise JsChallengeProviderError(msg)
+
+        return stdout
+
+    def _clean_stderr(self, stderr):
+        return '\n'.join(
+            line for line in stderr.splitlines()
+            if not (
+                re.match(r'^\[stdin\]:', line)
+                or re.match(r'^var jsc', line)
+                or '(Use `node --trace-uncaught ...` to show where the exception was thrown)' == line
+                or re.match(r'^Node\.js v\d+\.\d+\.\d+$', line)))
+
+
+@register_preference(NodeJCP)
+def preference(provider: JsChallengeProvider, requests: list[JsChallengeRequest]) -> int:
+    return 900
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/quickjs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/quickjs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pathlib
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.ejs import EJSBaseJCP
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc.provider import (
+    JsChallengeProvider,
+    JsChallengeProviderError,
+    JsChallengeRequest,
+    register_preference,
+    register_provider,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.utils import Popen
+
+
+@register_provider
+class QuickJSJCP(EJSBaseJCP, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'quickjs'
+    JS_RUNTIME_NAME = 'quickjs'
+
+    def _run_js_runtime(self, stdin: str, /) -> str:
+        if self.runtime_info.name == 'quickjs-ng':
+            self.logger.warning('QuickJS-NG is missing some optimizations making this very slow. Consider using upstream QuickJS instead.')
+        elif self.runtime_info.version_tuple < (2025, 4, 26):
+            self.logger.warning('Older QuickJS versions are missing optimizations making this very slow. Consider upgrading.')
+
+        # QuickJS does not support reading from stdin, so we have to use a temp file
+        temp_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', suffix='.js', delete=False, encoding='utf-8')
+        try:
+            temp_file.write(stdin)
+            temp_file.close()
+            cmd = [self.runtime_info.path, '--script', temp_file.name]
+            self.logger.debug(f'Running QuickJS: {shlex.join(cmd)}')
+            with Popen(
+                cmd,
+                text=True,
+                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            ) as proc:
+                stdout, stderr = proc.communicate_or_kill()
+                if proc.returncode or stderr:
+                    msg = f'Error running QuickJS process (returncode: {proc.returncode})'
+                    if stderr:
+                        msg = f'{msg}: {stderr.strip()}'
+                    raise JsChallengeProviderError(msg)
+        finally:
+            pathlib.Path(temp_file.name).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+        return stdout
+
+
+@register_preference(QuickJSJCP)
+def preference(provider: JsChallengeProvider, requests: list[JsChallengeRequest]) -> int:
+    return 850
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/vendor/init.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/jsc/_builtin/vendor/init.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import importlib.resources
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.jsc._builtin.vendor._info import HASHES, VERSION
+
+__all__ = ['HASHES', 'VERSION', 'load_script']
+
+
+def load_script(filename, error_hook=None):
+    file = importlib.resources.files(__package__) / filename
+    if file.is_file():
+        try:
+            return file.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        except (OSError, FileNotFoundError, ModuleNotFoundError) as e:
+            if error_hook:
+                error_hook(e)
+            return None
+    return None
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
github-actions[bot]	5977782142	Release 2025.11.12 Created by: bashonly :ci skip all	2025-11-12 00:51:01 +00:00
bashonly	335653be82	[cleanup] Misc (#14965 ) Closes #14789 Authored by: bashonly, seproDev Co-authored-by: sepro <sepro@sepr0.com>	2025-11-12 00:47:33 +00:00
Simon Sawicki	bf7e04e9d8	[cookies] Support Firefox cookies database v17 (#15010 ) Authored by: Grub4K	2025-11-12 00:35:53 +00:00
Chris	cb78440e46	[ie/twitch] Fix playlist extraction (#15008 ) Closes #15007 Authored by: bashonly, ctengel Co-authored-by: bashonly <88596187+bashonly@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-11-11 21:21:13 +00:00
Zer0 Spectrum	b46c572b26	[ie/twitch:vod] Fix extractor (#14999 ) Closes #14993, Closes #14994 Authored by: Zer0spectrum	2025-11-11 16:25:45 +00:00
sepro	7eff676183	[ie/twitch:stream] Fix extractor (#14988 ) Closes #14987 Authored by: seproDev	2025-11-11 00:40:08 +01:00
Fahim	1ac7e6005c	[ie/floatplane] Fix extractor (#14984 ) Authored by: i3p9	2025-11-10 23:50:12 +01:00
Christopher Albert	f3597cfafc	[ie/TubeTuGraz] Support alternate URL format (#14718 ) Closes #14686 Authored by: krystophny	2025-11-10 23:40:16 +01:00
eientei95	3ef867451c	[ie/BunnyCdn] Support player subdomain URLs (#14979 ) Authored by: einstein95	2025-11-10 22:26:06 +01:00
Simon Sawicki	ade8c2b36f	[test] Skip flaky tests if source unchanged (#14970 ) Authored by: bashonly, Grub4K Co-authored-by: bashonly <bashonly@protonmail.com>	2025-11-10 01:45:58 +01:00
Nikolay Fedorov	19c5d7c530	[ie/1tv:live] Add extractor (#14299 ) Authored by: swayll	2025-11-09 23:24:41 +01:00
pha1n0q	e6414d64e7	[cookies] Allow `--cookies-from-browser` for Safari on iOS (#14950 ) Authored by: pha1n0q	2025-11-09 23:05:44 +01:00
matyb08	c96e9291ab	[misc] Fix zsh path argument completion (#14953 ) Closes #14952 Authored by: matyb08	2025-11-09 15:23:03 +00:00
bashonly	4b4223b436	Allow `--js-runtimes` to accept path to binary or directory (#14964 ) Fix `6224a38988` Authored by: bashonly	2025-11-09 15:14:22 +00:00
bashonly	c63b4e2a2b	[cleanup] Misc (#14767 ) Authored by: bashonly, sepro, matyb08 Co-authored-by: sepro <sepro@sepr0.com> Co-authored-by: matyb08 <suricate66@protonmail.com>	2025-11-09 14:07:10 +00:00
bashonly	f3c255b63b	[ie/DiscoveryNetworksDe] Restore original `display_id` (#14958 ) Fix `10dea209d2` Authored by: bashonly	2025-11-09 03:45:26 +00:00
bashonly	646904cd3a	[build] Bump musllinux Python version to 3.14 (#14623 ) Authored by: bashonly	2025-11-09 01:33:30 +00:00
Pierce Brooks	a0bda3b786	[ie/mux] Add extractor (#14914 ) Closes #14913 Authored by: PierceLBrooks, seproDev Co-authored-by: sepro <sepro@sepr0.com>	2025-11-09 00:44:10 +01:00
sepro	228ae9f0f2	[ie/BunnyCdn] Fix extractor (#14954 ) Authored by: seproDev	2025-11-09 00:40:37 +01:00
sepro	f87cfadb5c	[ie/youtube] Support collaborators (#14677 ) - Fix `channel` extraction - Extract all channels as the `creators` field Closes #14567 Authored by: seproDev	2025-11-08 20:23:39 +01:00
Caramel Connoisseur	a1d6351c3f	[ie/xhamster] Fix extractor (#14948 ) Closes #14632 Authored by: dhwz, CaramelConnoisseur Co-authored-by: dhwz <3697946+dhwz@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-11-08 19:06:54 +00:00
sepro	a86eeaadf2	[ie/ntv.ru] Swap metadata priority (#14939 ) Fix `5dde0d0c9f` Authored by: seproDev	2025-11-08 11:41:17 +01:00
sepro	5dde0d0c9f	[ie/ntv.ru] Rework extractor (#14934 ) Closes #14929, Closes #14761 Authored by: seproDev, anlar Co-authored-by: Anton Larionov <11796525+anlar@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-11-08 10:51:21 +01:00
coletdjnz	5767fb4ab1	[networking] Ensure underlying file object is closed when fully read (#14935 ) Fixes https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14891 Authored by: coletdjnz	2025-11-08 18:30:43 +13:00
thomasmllt	73fd850d17	[ie/play.tv] Update extractor for new domain (#14905 ) Closes #14670 Authored by: thomasmllt	2025-11-08 03:41:15 +01:00
Simon Sawicki	8636a9bac3	[ie/youtube] Update ejs to 0.3.1 (#14933 ) Authored by: Grub4K	2025-11-07 22:47:40 +01:00
bashonly	7af6d81f35	[fd/ffmpeg] Limit read rate for DASH livestreams (#14918 ) Authored by: bashonly	2025-11-05 23:06:33 +00:00
TheQWERTYCodr	a56217f9f6	[ie/youtube] Fix auto-generated metadata extraction (#13896 ) Closes #13895 Authored by: TheQWERTYCodr	2025-11-05 22:56:42 +00:00
bashonly	afc44022d0	[ie/youtube] Fix original language detection (#14919 ) Closes #14883 Authored by: bashonly	2025-11-05 20:47:49 +00:00
WeidiDeng	1d2f0edaf9	[ie/youtube:tab] Fix duration extraction for feeds (#14668 ) Authored by: WeidiDeng	2025-11-05 20:45:57 +00:00
sepro	fa35eb27ea	[ie/youtube] Adjust `tv_downgraded` client (#14917 ) Fix `61cf34f544` Authored by: seproDev	2025-11-05 17:47:03 +01:00
bashonly	ffb7b7f446	[fd/ffmpeg] Apply `ffmpeg_args` for each format (#14886 ) Also remove support for the deprecated format fields `_ffmpeg_args` and `_seekable` Closes #14877 Authored by: bashonly	2025-11-03 23:27:33 +00:00
sepro	61cf34f544	[ie/youtube] Add `tv_downgraded` client (#14887 ) Authored by: seproDev	2025-11-03 22:42:30 +01:00
Jake	e8a6b1ca92	[ie/NascarClassics] Add extractor (#14866 ) Authored by: JrM2628	2025-11-03 17:09:54 +01:00
w4grfw	10dea209d2	[ie/DiscoveryNetworksDe] Fix extraction (#14818 ) Closes #14735 Authored by: dirkf, w4grfw Co-authored-by: dirkf <1222880+dirkf@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-11-01 22:27:48 +00:00
sepro	52f3c56e83	[SponsorBlock] Add `hook` category (#14845 ) Closes #14838 Authored by: seproDev	2025-11-01 22:10:19 +01:00
InvalidUsernameException	79f9232ffb	[ie/kika] Do not extract non-existent subtitles (#14813 ) Authored by: InvalidUsernameException	2025-11-01 17:30:37 +00:00
sepro	ee98be4ad7	[ie/youtube] Disable deno/bun caching (#14849 ) Fix `6224a38988` Closes #14847 Authored by: seproDev, coletdjnz Co-authored-by: coletdjnz <coletdjnz@protonmail.com>	2025-11-01 07:23:35 +00:00
bashonly	c0c9f30695	[ie/youtube] Fix `dashy` formats extraction (#14852 ) Fix `6224a38988` Closes #14850 Authored by: bashonly	2025-11-01 07:16:29 +00:00
bashonly	cacd1630a1	[ie/youtube] Fix remote components warning (#14853 ) Fix `6224a38988` Authored by: bashonly	2025-11-01 07:15:15 +00:00
Simon Sawicki	6224a38988	[ie/youtube] Implement external n/sig solver (#14157 ) Closes #14404, Closes #14431, Closes #14680, Closes #14707 Authored by: bashonly, coletdjnz, seproDev, Grub4K Co-authored-by: coletdjnz <coletdjnz@protonmail.com> Co-authored-by: bashonly <bashonly@protonmail.com> Co-authored-by: sepro <sepro@sepr0.com>	2025-10-31 23:13:04 +01:00
bashonly	d6ee677253	[ie/youtube] Fix `web_embedded` client extraction (#14843 ) Closes #14826 Authored by: bashonly, seproDev Co-authored-by: sepro <sepro@sepr0.com>	2025-10-31 20:48:14 +00:00
Tom Schuster	0046fbcbfc	[ie/ARDAudiothek] Add extractors (#14309 ) Closes #5605, Closes #10671 Authored by: marieell, evilpie Co-authored-by: marieell <marieell@tuta.io>	2025-10-31 21:46:59 +01:00
bashonly	ee3a106f34	[ie/nbc] Detect and discard DRM formats (#14844 ) Closes #14552 Authored by: bashonly	2025-10-31 20:39:03 +00:00
sepro	6d05cee4df	[ie/GoogleDrive] Fix subtitles extraction (#14809 ) Closes #14806 Authored by: seproDev	2025-10-28 16:17:16 +01:00
bashonly	1c2ad94353	[update] Fix PyInstaller onedir variant detection (#14800 ) Ref: https://pyinstaller.org/en/v6.0.0/CHANGES.html#incompatible-changes Authored by: bashonly	2025-10-27 23:21:38 +00:00
sepro	808b1fed76	[ie/URPlay] Fix extractor (#14785 ) Closes #14784 Authored by: seproDev	2025-10-27 09:19:29 +01:00
bashonly	73922e66e4	[devscripts] Improve `install_deps` script (#14766 ) Authored by: bashonly	2025-10-25 22:47:00 +00:00
sepro	d9e3011fd1	[ie/web.archive:youtube] Fix extractor (#14753 ) Closes #14681, Closes #14741 Authored by: seproDev	2025-10-25 12:11:00 +02:00
sepro	70f1098312	[ie/GoogleDrive] Rework extractor (#14746 ) Closes #14729 Authored by: seproDev	2025-10-24 22:54:08 +02:00
github-actions[bot]	a75399d89f	Release 2025.10.22 Created by: bashonly :ci skip all	2025-10-22 19:42:16 +00:00
Robin	c9356f308d	[ie/idagio] Support URLs with country codes (#14655 ) Authored by: robin-mu	2025-10-22 19:33:43 +00:00
bashonly	de7b3c0705	[cleanup] Misc (#14701 ) Authored by: bashonly	2025-10-22 19:25:35 +00:00
gamer191	2c9091e355	[ie/youtube] Use temporary player client workaround (#14693 ) Closes #14680 Authored by: gamer191	2025-10-22 19:08:06 +00:00
sepro	dfc0a84c19	[docs] Update list of maintainers (#14148 ) Authored by: seproDev, bashonly, coletdjnz Co-authored-by: bashonly <88596187+bashonly@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: coletdjnz <coletdjnz@protonmail.com>	2025-10-18 23:07:21 +02:00
doe1080	fe5ae54a7b	[ie/tvnoe] Rework Extractor (#13369 ) Authored by: doe1080	2025-10-15 22:00:20 +02:00
doe1080	78748b506f	[ie/appleconnect] Rework extractor (#13229 ) Authored by: doe1080	2025-10-15 20:42:15 +02:00
sepro	c7bda2192a	[cleanup] Misc (#14594 ) Authored by: seproDev, bashonly Co-authored-by: bashonly <88596187+bashonly@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-10-15 11:16:50 +00:00
bashonly	4e6a693057	Remove Python 3.9 support (#13861 ) Closes #13858 Authored by: bashonly	2025-10-15 10:25:21 +00:00